<p>The Boer War Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Warwick Street, Allora, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1904 to 1940s. It is also known as Queen&#39;s Park and War Memorial Park. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The War Memorial Park in Allora contains memorials to the Boer War, unveiled in 1904; World War I unveiled in 1921 and also a later memorial to World War II and more recent international conflicts with which Australia was involved.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the memorials are now situated was part of a larger package of land bound by Dalrymple Creek, Warwick, Raff and Church Streets, which was proclaimed a park for recreation in the Queensland Government Gazette of 12 July 1902. However, early survey maps of Allora, dating from 1879 show this area of land set aside for recreational purposes. In 1903 a small section of the park in the south western corner was officially set aside as a Drill Shed Reserve.</p><br>
<p>Three digger memorials to fallen soldiers were built in Queensland following the Boer War which lasted from 1899 until 1902. The memorial at Allora was the first planned in 1904, followed in 1908 by the Boer War Memorial at Gatton and, lastly, the South African War Memorial in Brisbane unveiled in 1919. Although the term "digger" came into popular use only after World War I it is still thought to be appropriate to use the term describing figural memorials constructed commemorating soldiers from the Boer War. Many other types of memorials, including avenues of trees, bells, plaques and obelisks were erected in Queensland following the Boer War.</p><br>
<p>The construction of war memorials in Queensland became more widespread after the Boer War, when the State sustained the loss of 67 soldiers on the battlefields. Following World War I the practice of erecting monuments to the fallen soldiers became a major community concern and the rise of Australian nationality increased the fever with which these memorials were built during the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>The unveiling of the Allora Boer War Memorial on 19 August 1904 proclaimed a public holiday in the district, was carried out by Colonel (later General and Sir) Harry Chauvel. Chauvel is thought to be one of the most distinguished of Queensland soldiers. Memoirs written by him about his service in the Boer War indicate that he was interested in what he considered an English tradition of honouring fallen soldiers with memorials.With the British race, more perhaps than with any other, the spirit of veneration for those who gave their lives for their country is very pronounced...This spirit was brought home to me immediately after the South African War when...I toured the battlefields of Natal. I came across everywhere parties of British officers arranging to erect memorials...Incidentally these suggested to me the idea of erecting a memorial cairn on the first battlefield of my own regiment; with the result that there stands on a rocky kopje in the north of Cape Colony...the first Australian War Memorial erected on a battlefield.Indeed, the speech with which Chauvel unveiled the Allora Memorial laments the fact that it was one of the very few memorials in Queensland erected at that time to commemorate the Boer War.</p><br>
<p>The base and pedestal of the Boer Memorial was constructed by Mr J McCulloch of Warwick, to designs of WP Prout. The Allora Boer War Memorial is thought to have cost about £134 which was raised by a committee formed for the memorials construction. Sandstone used for the project was obtained from Mr Midsons Yangan quarry, near Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The digger statue was sculpted by William Priestly MacIntosh. Macintosh was a prominent sculptor who, after his arrival in Australia in 1880 from Edinburgh where he studied anatomy, began training in Sydney at modelling classes of Lucien Henry, and later life drawing classes with Julian Ashton. He undertook many architectural sculptures in Sydney from the 1890s, including work on the Queen Victoria Market. His arrival in Brisbane in 1903 was prompted by a commission for the sculpture on the Lands Administration Building, and shortly after this he carried out work for the Allora Boer Memorial. Other significant Queensland projects completed by Macintosh include figural sculpture on the former Government Savings Bank of 1920 and the various devils on the Queensland Government Printing Office completed in 1910–1911.</p><br>
<p>Immediately following the erection of the Boer War Memorial the committee who organised its erection thought it befitting to enhance the reserve in which the memorial stood, so that it might be considered a park. At this stage what then became known as the Memorial Park was bounded by the Creek and Raff Street. 120 trees were donated to the committee for the park by Mr McMahon, the curator of the Botanical Gardens in Brisbane and the Mayor of Allora also donated trees which were planted along Raff Street and became known as the Mayors Row&#39;. It is not known whether any of the trees donated by Mr McMahon or the Mayor of Allora remain extant today.</p><br>
<p>A further addition was made to the park in 1921 when a World War I memorial was constructed. This was built in the form of an obelisk and is signed WJ Prout. Prout was a proprietor of the Brisbane Monumental Company who specialised in various types of monumental design and construction. This memorial was unveiled by General JC Robertson in mid November 1921.</p><br>
<p>A third memorial to fallen soldiers of World War Two was constructed in the form of an obelisk, with sandstone base and marble shaft.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Boer War Memorial is situated in a small park in Allora facing Warwick Street, in which memorials to the two World Wars are also found. The park is enclosed by a substantial brick and wrought iron fence along Warwick Street with a centrally placed gateway formed by brick newels with plaster finials and with an iron gate. The Boer and First World War memorials are towards the southern, Warwick Street side of the park and the Second World War Memorial is located toward the northern, rear of the park centrally placed between the others.</p><br>
<p>The Boer Memorial stands 15 feet from the ground and comprises a pedestal surmounted by a digger statue. The memorial is surrounded by a low fence, consisting of evenly spaced bollards linked by steel rods.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone memorial sits on a base step with picked stone faces, margined and chiselled around. Surmounting this is a smooth faced stone step with plinth, on the faces of both of which are marble plaques with details of the opening of the statue and the names of the Allora men who took part in the war along with the names of the fallen with details of their death. The plinth supports the shaft of the memorial comprising a recessed square pier which features a wreath on the southern facing side and has a base element comprising a cyma recta moulding with foliated carving. Also projecting from this base at the four corners of the pedestal are free standing round columns with simple Doric order bases and capitals. These support a cornice with curved pediment detail above which on the southern side is carved ornament of foliated scrolls and a central anthemion element.</p><br>
<p>Surmounting the pedestal is the digger statue, which is slightly smaller than life size. The soldier stands to attention and with his head bowed his rifle reverse. Unusually for this type of statue the mouth of the soldier his open and he stands alone, without the traditional tree stump support. WP MACINTOSH is carved onto the side of the plate on which the soldier stands.</p><br>
<p>The World War One Memorial, again constructed largely from smooth faced sandstone and marble, comprises a three-part pedestal on the central part of which sits an obelisk. The central part of the pedestal projects from the flanking elements and the whole sits on a three stepped base. Simple round columns with Doric order bases and capitals are found on each corner of the pedestal. Small carved field guns are mounted on the side tops of the pedestal flanking the obelisk which rises from the centre. The obelisk comprises a square planned shaft with various mouldings on its faces above which is a cornice of a cyma recta moulding with foliated carving. Surmounted on this is the obelisk, of smooth faced sandstone; a tapering column with carved shields affixed to the north and south.</p><br>
<p>The World War Two Memorial, which sits to the rear of the park is a simple obelisk, with a base of two sandstone steps surmounted by two white marble steps the upper one with a simple carved moulding at the top on which sits the tall tapering column of white marble on the south side of which a wreath and gun are carved.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Boer War Memorial and Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Boer War Memorial is an immensely important Queensland sculpture. It is the first of only three digger statues built to commemorate the involvement and death of Queensland soldiers in the Boer War of 1899–1902. The memorial was constructed at an early phase of the history of war memorials in the state, which became prolific after the First World War but, in 1904 when the Allora Boer War Memorial was constructed were quite rare.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The digger statue is uncommon in composition and detailing and is one of the only known memorials sculpted by Sydney sculptor WP Macintosh.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The three memorials in the Memorial Park, Allora demonstrate the principal characteristics of war memorials in Queensland with appropriately use of various symbolic elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Boer War and World War I Memorials are of aesthetic significance both individually and as complementary sculptures with common ornamental and compositional detailing.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial Park has special importance for the community commemorating local involvement in the major wars of this century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The memorials have special association with various people of importance to Queensland including Sir Harry Chauvel who unveiled the Boer War Memorial; William Macintosh who carved the digger and was responsible for much significant architectural sculpture on various Queensland Government buildings; as well as to all the soldiers mentioned on the memorials.</p><br>
<p>The Sheltering Arms Hospital, located in Athens, Ohio, started as a two-room home-based maternity ward in 1921 and grew into a medical and surgical facility as the original facility was expanded. In operation at Clark Street from 1921 until 1970, Sheltering Arms moved into a new facility in 1970 named the Charles G. O’Bleness Memorial Hospital, and was renamed the OhioHealth O’Bleness Hospital when it became part of OhioHealth  in 2014.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1920s, Charles Breinig, a contractor, and his wife Delia used their home as a lying-in facility, where women gave birth and rested for several days. Encouraged by Dr. John E. Rollings Sprague, the Breinigs built a four-room addition in 1921 and became the Sheltering Arms Hospital. It was one of the first such facilities in Athens County, Ohio and Sheltering Arms became a magnet for medical care in Athens.</p><br>
<p>The hospital continued to grow in size and services. Diagnostic x-ray imaging was added in 1924, and a clinical laboratory in 1937. The Breinigs continued to expand and operate the facility until 1947 when they sold it to Dr. Theron H. Morgan. Morgan later donated the facility to the community through The Sheltering Arms Foundation, which was started in 1949. The Foundation became the sole owner of the facility in 1959, after Morgan&#39;s death in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Having outgrown the Clark Street building, local doctors asked the community to build a new facility. Funds were raised, with $1 million of the eventual $1.7 million coming from</p><br>
<p>Charles G. OBleness, a local banker. Groundbreaking for the new building, about a half mile away, was in December 1967. It opened in 1970, named the Charles G. O’Bleness Memorial Hospital, OBleness having died in 1969. The hospital is now known as the OhioHealth O’Bleness Hospital.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The original Sheltering Arms building is a two-story, irregular shaped brick structure built in 1911, with several additions through 1939.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Allora, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Richard George Suter for Queensland pastoralist and politician George Clark and was built in 1868. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992. It is also known as East Talgai Homestead to distinguish it from the West Talgai Homestead built by Clark&#39;s brother, Charles Clark.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead was built in 1868 for George Edwin Clark, then owner of that part of the old Talgai run which lies east of the present Toowoomba-Warwick rail line and was designed by prominent Queensland architect Richard George Suter. This substantial sandstone homestead was first known as "East Talgai" the second of three "Talgais" to be constructed on what was part of the original "Talgai" run taken up by Ernest Elphinstone Dalrymple in 1840.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Elphinstone Dalrymple was part of the first wave of European settlers, who included Patrick and George Leslie, and George and John Gammie, to drive stock to the newfound Darling Downs area on receiving instructions from explorer Allan Cunningham who first recognised the potential of the area for pastoral settlement in 1827. These early squatters overlanded their stock through the New England district from Sydney as access to the Darling Downs through the penal settlement of Moreton Bay was not allowed, nor was any settlement within 50 miles of the penal colony permitted. This group of pastoralists were instrumental in settling the land which in subsequent decades was to become Queensland&#39;s prime pastoral and agricultural district and which also became a seat of political power in 19th century Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Dalrymple only held the Talgai run until his death in 1844 after which Talgai passed through several owners, possibly being owned by the Gammie brothers at one point. In 1862, the property was divided, with the southern portion becoming "North Toolburra" and Clark and Hamner acquiring the portion known as Old Talgai where they ran a high-grade wool merino stud. This partnership was later broken and the property remained in Hamner&#39;s possession until his death, when it passed to the Queensland Cattle Company, and later to Lucht, who sold it to George and Charles Clark in 1865.</p><br>
<p>The Clark brothers divided the land again, George taking East Talgai and Charles taking the western portion, on which the Old Talgai homestead had stood. In 1874 Charles Clark constructed his own home, Ellinthorpe Hall (the third Talgai) on this western portion of the run and this homestead later became known as "West Talgai". Charles Clark left Talgai in 1890, the western portion of the land eventually being subdivided for closer settlement with the homestead falling into decay and the sandstone blocks from the ruins of the homestead being used to construct a modern home at Flagstone Creek.</p><br>
<p>When George Clark secured the eastern portion of the Talgai run in 1865 the only structure on the land was an old shepherds hut. It was under George Clarks direction that the grand East Talgai Homestead and its many outbuildings were erected.</p><br>
<p>The stone building situated near the entrance to Talgai was apparently built as a residence for the architect, Richard George Suter and his wife, during the construction of the homestead and the property&#39;s huge woolshed. This building later became a storehouse and residence for the station storekeeper.</p><br>
<p>Richard George Suter (1827 - 1894) trained as an architect in London under his father after completing a Bachelor of Arts at Trinity College at Cambridge in 1850. By 1865 Suter was working for Brisbanes leading architect Benjamin Backhouse while establishing his own practice. Suter was one of Queenslands most prolific and prominent architects of the late 19th century and was responsible for such grand designs as Jimbour House (Suter & Voysey 1873), St Mark&#39;s Church, Warwick (1867–70) and is recognised for his influence on the standard designs of schools in Queensland with the Board of Education using his designs almost exclusively until 1875. After a decline in his success, Suter moved to Melbourne in 1876 and became a priest for the Catholic Apostolic Church, where he died of heart disease in 1894.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead was built of sandstone and covered sixty squares. The original roof was of shingles and the verandahs of hand and pit-sawn spotted gum, with cedar doors and architraves. Unlike the usual design for that period, the kitchen was attached to the main house.</p><br>
<p>George and Ellen Clark lived an affluent life at the grand East Talgai. The homestead was richly furnished and featured antique pieces which were probably a part of Ellen&#39;s dowry. George Clark was active in local affairs and Queensland politics, sitting on the Warwick Bench of Magistrates, holding an official position on the St. Marks Church Committee as well as the Warwick School of Arts, the Warwick Hospital Committee and the Royal Agricultural Society. He also had a short- lived but very controversial period as a member of Queensland Parliament. During this time, he set up the "Warwick Examiner and Times" newspaper which was a pro-squatter vehicle and was constantly engaged in editorial clashes with the "Warwick Argus" established by James Morgan, the former Talgai manager and a staunch anti-squatter advocate.</p><br>
<p>George Clark was involved in accusations of collusion with the Survey Office in 1871, allegedly using his position to avoid the restrictions of the Land Act 1868 to acquire additional land for his East Talgai run.</p><br>
<p>During the 1860s and 1870s Talgai was becoming what was arguably the most successful sheep stud in Queensland producing immense amounts of quality merino wool and trading in high quality rams which were exported to Tasmania and Germany. Talgai peaked in its production during the 1880s when stock figures reached 20 000 sheep and 3000 Devon cattle.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Station was a fully developed self-contained estate village during the 1880s. It incorporated employees cottages, a smithy, stables, barn, woolshed, slaughterhouse, dairy and school. Beside the Olive tree, which still remains today near the back gate of the property, George also constructed a stone chapel which was used for family worship but was never consecrated. This chapel was pulled down in 1942 as, according to Georges son, George Carr Clark&#39;s will, the sandstone was to be used to construct a tower for St Marks Church, Warwick, however this never came to pass. Talgai had three different watering systems which serviced the crops, the kitchen garden and formal English garden. Talgai also had vines of table grapes and an orchard of stone fruit.</p><br>
<p>It was in 1886 when a major anthropological discovery was made at Talgai. William Naish, fencing contractor, inadvertently discovered a skull where heavy rain had scoured out a creek bed. It was not until 1914 that Professor Edgeworth David, Professor of Archaeology at Sydney University on paying a visit to Talgai, presented a theory that the skull was 20,000 years old and provided a "missing link" in the evolutionary chain. Interest in the skull and the site at which it was found persisted until the 1960s, during which time the CSIRO and the Queensland Museum had conducted archaeological surveys at the site. Interest in the skull waned in the following decades as newer theories eclipsed those attached to the Talgai Skull. The original skull is housed at the Sydney Museum.</p><br>
<p>George Clark died in 1907 and the property passed to his son George Carr Clark at which time he sold-off 5000 acres of Talgai and purchased "Yanna" station on the Warrego River. About 2000 special stud ewes remained at Talgai and the stud sires were bred there and transferred to Yanna for fattening. Aberdeen Angus stud cattle were introduced to Talgai in 1916 and ultimately became the main business of Talgai.</p><br>
<p>In 1934 both the cattle and the sheep studs were sold at public auction, leaving about 750 acres on the homestead block around East Talgai house. George Carr Clark resided there with his wife and various family members until his death in 1942 when the entire property was sold.</p><br>
<p>In 1968 Talgai was acquired by Mr and Mrs D Panton who undertook extensive restoration work. Talgai Homestead operated as a function and luxury accommodation centre but has since become a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead, located approximately 6 kilometres west of Allora on the Dalrymple Creek Road, consists of the homestead and grounds, an office/store and the remains of a stone weir on Dalrymple Creek. The homestead has views across a valley to the east.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is a large single-storeyed U-shaped sandstone building with a corrugated iron hipped roof and verandahs all round. The verandahs have lesser pitch skillion roofs, with the verandahs to the outer side of the building having paired round cast iron columns with timber capitals, and the verandahs fronting the courtyard having square timber posts. The sandstone ashlar is dressed around openings and has rock-faced finish to the outer verandah walls and picked finish to the courtyard walls. The building has seven rock-faced sandstone chimneystacks, and French doors with glass fanlights and sash windows open onto the verandahs from most rooms. The main entry is on the northern side and is accessed via a flight of stone steps with a timber arch between timber posts. The entry door assembly consists of a panelled cedar door with glass fanlight and sidelights with cedar framing.</p><br>
<p>The east elevation has a verandah with a deep central loggia created by the projection of the northern and southern wings beyond the east cross wing. This loggia has two pairs of cast iron columns, centrally located along the line of the verandah wall, supporting a timber truss beam. The ceiling to this space has timber boarding, raked at the sides, with a central pendant lamp. Each projecting wing has a square timber bay with sash windows to floor level.</p><br>
<p>The southern verandah of the northern wing has been enclosed with chamferboard, French doors and some glazing to accommodate service rooms off the kitchen, and the western end of this wing has notched stonework for the originally intended extension. The southern verandah of the southern wing has been enclosed with chamferboard and large areas of glazing along much of its length to accommodate sitting rooms and ensuite bathrooms for the adjacent guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the ceilings are boarded and raked at the sides, and the building has rough rendered stone walls, panelled cedar doors and ornate timber fireplace surrounds. Circulation throughout the building is mainly via the verandahs, and the southern wing has been refitted as guest rooms. The eastern wing contains two sitting rooms, one of which houses a grand piano which is the only surviving original piece of furniture in the homestead. The northern wing contains a formal dining room at the eastern end adjacent to the main entry, and an informal dining room at the western end which has two skylights. An office and large kitchen are located in the midsection of the wing, and are accessed from the main entry via an arched doorway and corridor. A cellar with a concrete floor is located under the mid- section of the northern wing, and is accessed by a timber stair located in the southern verandah.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include a clay tennis court to the east of the homestead, an avenue of Bunya Pines to the south, and the remains of a sandstone slaughter house/acetylene store consisting of an L-shaped wall with two sash windows and a concrete floor to the west. A circle of sandstone blocks in the ground to the west of the courtyard may be the remains of a well. A gravel driveway enters the home paddock to the northeast of the homestead, and swings along the northern side bordering a pond with fountain to access a carpark to the west. A large Olive tree is located on the northern side of the kitchen, and a concrete water tank is situated adjacent to the western end of the northern wing. Palms are located either side of the entry pathway from the driveway.</p><br>
<p>Staff quarters are located to the northwest of the homestead. This single-storeyed building has a hipped corrugated iron roof and weatherboard cladding, and was originally the stables/carriage house. A large metal water tank (originally from a railway station) is located at the western end of the building.</p><br>
<p>A sandstone office/store is located to the north of the home paddock. This building has a corrugated iron gable roof, with an office at the southern end, store at the northern end and a basement located centrally. The office is accessed via a doorway on the eastern side, and has a boarded ceiling which is raked to the collar beam, timber floor, whitewashed walls, louvred windows, and a central fireplace on the southern side. The store is accessed from both east and west by double timber doors, and has exposed beams and rafters, earth floor, casement windows and a central raised timber platform, under which is located the basement. The basement is accessed via an external sandstone stair on the western side, and has ventilation slits on the eastern side and a stone flagged floor.</p><br>
<p>A timber cottage with a hipped corrugated iron roof and front verandah is located to the northeast of the office/store on the opposite side of the driveway. A shearing shed with a hipped corrugated iron roof is located to the east of the office/store.</p><br>
<p>The remains of a stone weir across Dalrymple Creek is located southeast of the homestead. The western side is extant, but the eastern side has been washed away. The line of the footings for the weir is visible in the stone embankment of the creek bed, and the remains of a water control mechanism is located at the western end. The property also has an airstrip to the south of the homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history as it reflects the earliest phase of pastoral settlement on the Darling Downs which significantly influenced the subsequent development of the region as the prime agricultural and pastoral region in Southeast Queensland. Talgai homestead also reflects the immense wealth that the early pastoralists were able to amass from wool production on the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead is a rare surviving example of the early affluent development by squatters on the Darling Downs which was a feature of this pastoral district in the mid to late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead has the potential to yield information about Queensland&#39;s history due to the age and former complexity of the settlement. The scope for further archaeological discoveries, (similar to that of the Talgai Skull) and discoveries through historical research has realistic potential.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead is a good example of an affluent pastoral settlement demonstrating the principal characteristics of a 19th-century homestead complex.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Talgai Homestead has significant aesthetic value as a well composed substantial stone residence in a picturesque setting of landscaped gardens showing a high level of skilled design. The building&#39;s aesthetic significance draws largely on its contextual setting for the overall effect of balance.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The homestead has a special association with the life and work of prominent 19th architect R.G. Suter as a significant example of his work. It is also has a long association with the Clark family who established the station and homestead and who were an influential family in the evolution of the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>St Davids Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 1 Church Street, Allora, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Francis Drummond Greville Stanley and built from 1887 to 1901. It is also known as St David&#39;s Church of England. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St. David&#39;s Church, Allora, is a timber, Gothic Revival style church prominently located at the end of the main thoroughfare of the town. It was constructed in 1887-88 to the design of leading Queensland colonial architect F.D.G Stanley. This building is the second church to be built on the site, which also contains a rectory designed by architect John H. Buckeridge (1901) and a parish hall (1912, 1962).</p><br>
<p>Allora claims to be amongst Queenslands oldest inland towns. The beginnings of a small settlement at the crossing of Dalrymple Creek was recorded in 1844. A survey of the town was completed by G.F Pratten in 1859 and land sales began the following year. In 1862, Reverend Benjamin Glennie bought land at Dalrymple Creek in the name of Anglican Bishop of Brisbane Edward Tufnell. A two roomed timber slab cottage was built on the site of the present Parish Hall and used as a school, Sunday school and teachers residence. Reverend Glennie preached here once a month. Prior to this, church services in Allora had generally been held at the Dalrymple Hotel and sporadically at a number of the early stations. One such is recorded to have been held by Glennie at Talgai Station in 1852.</p><br>
<p>Allora township continued to grow throughout the 1860s. By the end of the decade, Allora was becoming a substantial town, servicing the blacksoil farms established along Dalrymple Creek as a result of the lands acts of the 1860s. In 1868, the first purpose built church of St. David was erected on the site of the present church. It was designed by architect Richard George Suter and was typical of his timber churches that used outside studding to decorative effect. Suter also designed Alloras first national school in 1866 which was similar in design to the church. The original slab hut continued to be used for church services until the completion of the new church and was then relocated in 1870 to form part of St. Matthews Church, Spring Creek. In 1870 Allora became a separate parish and a new rectory parsonage was built, again designed by Suter.</p><br>
<p>The first mention of a new church appeared at the Easter meeting on 27 April 1886 when a subscription list was proposed. Plans for a timber church with shingle roof to seat 400 were discussed with architect F.D.G Stanley. The brief was revised to seating for 250, as the initial design proved too expensive. New plans were shown at a meeting in December 1886 and were accepted by the Vestry. Tenders were called in January 1887 and local contractor W.G Gillam&#39;s tender of £800 was accepted. Construction was delayed, however, when Bishop William Webber requested a number of changes to the design, including the removal of doors planned for the north and south gable walls. Not all of his requests were able to be accommodated; nonetheless Bishop Webber laid the foundation stone on 5 August. The 1866 church was re-sited within the precinct to make way for the new church and was then used as a parish hall. This building was demolished in 1911.</p><br>
<p>The new church was informally opened with a service on 23 December 1888, however, the consecration of the church was not performed by Bishop Webber until 1 February 1890. The church at this time was of single skin timber construction with exposed bracing and studding on the exterior and a timber shingle roof. All the principal interior fittings were also designed by Stanley and made of cedar. F.D.G Stanley has been described as "the best known of all Queenslands early architects because of the quality, diversity and extent of his work". He designed ten churches for the Anglican Church, five of which survive. Six of these were timber and St. Davids Church, Allora is the only one that remains the property of the diocese. St. Georges Anglican Church, Beenleigh (1875) is the only other surviving timber church of Stanley&#39;s design but is no longer within Anglican ownership.</p><br>
<p>Minor alterations have been made to the St. Davids Church over time. In 1888, a rainwater tank was installed on the south side of the church to keep water away from the foundations. The thrust of the shingle roof was causing the side walls to shore and in 1892 tie rods were introduced to reduce the outward thrust. In 1897, the exterior was sheathed in horizontal pine chamfer boards and painted, at a cost of £108. A memorial altar and altar rails were added to the church after World War One and the original altar and rails were then donated to St Andrews Church at Glengallan. To celebrate the golden jubilee of the church in 1938, the shingled roof was replaced with diamond laid, fibrous cement tiles. This cladding was replaced in 1978 with corrugated metal sheeting and the church was painted at the same time. Sixteen stained glass windows - nine in the chancel, two in the lower western wall and five in the north wall - were installed in the early 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The early rectory designed by Suter was sold for removal to W. Leggat and re-sited at 35 Warwick Street, Allora. The present rectory was constructed in 1901 to the design of architect John H Buckeridge who was then architect for the Diocese. Construction was supervised by the Toowoomba firm of James Marks and Son and the cost was £546. A hall for Sunday School was built in 1912 and was then amalgamated with the former church of St. Andrew, Glengallon in 1962 to form the parish hall presently on the site. In 1967, a lean-to garage and storage shed were built next to the hall.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St. David&#39;s Church, Allora is a small timber building elevated on a short brick plinth and clad in weatherboards, with a steeply pitched, wide pan "trimdeck" roof. It is set within a large grassed site, together with the timber rectory and parish hall.</p><br>
<p>The building follows traditional church planning with a central nave of six bays with an apsidal chancel at the rear end. Six windows with foiled heads line the side aisles of the building, indicating the internal bays. Gabled projections from the northern and southern sides of the church provide an allusion of transepts and enhance the formality and scale of the building. Other notable architectural elements on the exterior of the building include a slender timber fleche located on the crossing of the roof ridges, six gabled roof vents and scalloped and pierced bargeboards.</p><br>
<p>The church is entered via a small gabled porch that is centrally located on the principal facade. The porch is part of a concrete apron that continues to the boundary of the site at the street where a set of four decorative steel gates on brick piers are located. The porch is flanked by single windows with trefoil heads and a tripartite lancet stained glass window arrangement is located above. A ramp is located on the northern elevation of the building.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church has an open roof structure consisting of arched brace trusses with the ceiling lined in unpainted, stained diagonal timber boarding. Timbers used in the construction and furnishings of the church, such as cedar, are now rare or irreplaceable. Timber fittings include the pews, rails, pulpit and altar. Stained glass windows are located in the gabled sections in the north and south walls and the apse.</p><br>
<p>The rectory is a low, single storey house with a gabled hip roof. It is constructed of timber and has verandahs on two sides and an enclosed section of verandah on a third side. The house is entered via a short set of steps which are flanked by two pairs of timber columns with decorative capitals and brackets. The roof is clad in painted corrugated steel and has two brick chimney stacks. The parish hall is composed of two sections, both timber with corrugated steel roofs and elevated on short timber posts. The northern section is a former church and has a pitched roof, small entry porch and three pairs of double-hung sash windows on each side. The southern section is wider with a shallower, pitched roof and pairs of casement windows with an arched detail at the heads.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Davids Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St. Davids Church Precinct is significant for demonstrating the growth of the Allora district within an important agricultural area of the Darling Downs. In particular, St. Davids Church Precinct demonstrates the growth of the Anglican Church in Queensland and reflects local community efforts in meeting their spiritual needs, being an accretion of both purpose-designed buildings and buildings brought to the site.</p><br>
<p>The church also has a special association with prominent colonial Queensland architect F.D.G Stanley and is one of two remaining intact timber churches designed by Stanley for the Anglican Church. The rectory has an association with another important Queensland architect, John Buckeridge.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>St. David&#39;s Church Precinct demonstrates the principal characteristics of a small, nineteenth century timber church and related buildings located in a small rural settlement. Key features of the church include the simple building form, steeply pitched gable roof, timber fleche and scalloped and pierced bargeboards.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The church has architectural and aesthetic significance derived from the well composed design which uses architectural elements to enhance the formal presence of the church in its setting. The rectory also has aesthetic significance as a fine example of a gracious timber dwelling. The collection of buildings has significant landmark qualities in the Allora townscape and from the New England Highway.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St. David&#39;s Church has a strong spiritual and social association with the Anglican Parish in Allora as their principal place of worship for over 100 years.</p><br>
<p>St Denys Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at 17 Trevethan Lane, Amiens, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1923 to 1923. It is also known as Church of St Denys. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 August 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Church of St Denys is a small timber church built in 1923 to serve a soldier settlement at Amiens.</p><br>
<p>Under the provisions of The Discharged Soldiers&#39; Settlement Act 1917 land was resumed or set aside for returned soldiers. The intent of the act was to create a "land fit for heroes" and promote a yeomen farming class to aid in the more intensive farming and closer settlement of regional Australia. The schemes, while well intentioned, failed on the most part because blocks were too small to be economically viable. In the Stanthorpe Shire about 17400 acres was set aside for this purpose in the parishes of Pikedale and Marsh. Over 700 returned soldiers were allocated blocks in what become the Pikedale Soldier Settlement area. At the time the area consisted mostly of a number of small railway sidings with a store and/or post office.</p><br>
<p>In 1922 the Church of England Diocesan and the Soldiers Church of England Help Society provided a grant to assist the Reverend C D Gillman, a returned soldier, residing in Amiens to work on the soldier settlements. A church was built in 1923 from £335 sourced from the Soldiers Church of England Help Society. The altar ornaments and frontal cloth came from the Australian base at Le Harve and are believed to originate from the Cathedral in Amiens, presented to the Church at Amiens, Queensland as a token of gratitude for the part played by Australian soldiers in France during the 1914-18 war, such as the Battle of Amiens. Additionally both the altar and credence table were donated to the church by the Ladies Guild, Palmer Green, London in 1923.</p><br>
<p>The modest nature of the church matches the modest means of the area and the fortunes of those soldier settlers who moved to Amiens. The church in this respect reflects the community it serves. The link between the church in Queensland and the wartime service in France of many of the congregation is reflected in the dedication of the building to the patron saint of France, Saint Denys. This link is further reflected in the gifts made to the church and demonstrates the lasting effects of this experience on those who returned.</p><br>
<p>Maintenance of the church has been undertaken by the St Denys guild, volunteers, many of which are decedents of the original soldier settlers. Currently the church does not have a resident priest, but is serviced as part of the Stanthorpe parish. Church services are irregularly held via public notice in the local Stanthorpe Border Post newspaper.</p><br>
<p>The church is very intact with only a new set of steps to the entry porch recently added approximately 10 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Denys Anglican Church is located on a level block that backs on to a low granite boulder strewn hill, immediately east of the church is another outcropping of bounders with some local eucalypts. Amiens is within the area known as the Granite Belt of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The church is a small single-stored timber building, rectangular in plan, set on low, circular sectioned concrete posts. It has a steeply pitched gable roof clad in short lengths of corrugated iron. The entry porch is located at the rear of the building and has a small steeply pitched gabled roof, accessed by recently added timber steps set into a steel staircase on the left-hand side of the entry porch. The building has three small lancet windows along both sides of the building.</p><br>
<p>A single arched door way connects the entry to the church. The interior is simple and austere with the ceiling and floor lined with stained cypress pine. The altar is on a low platform and holds a brass cross, two candlesticks and a lectern. The sanctuary also contains a wooden cabinet and a bench seat and desk. The altar cloth is considered a significant component of the altar furnishings for its connection between St Denys Anglican Church and the battlefield Church of Le Harve.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Denys Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 August 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a soldier settlement church with direct links to France, St Denys Anglican Church is important as evidence for the soldier settlement movement following the First World War and for the closer settlement of the Pikedale area.</p><br>
<p>The church is significant for its association with those who took up property under this scheme and their descendants. It is directly linked to Australian war service in France through the dedication of the Church to St Denys, the Patron Saint of France, but also through the frontal cloth and altar ornaments, which originate from the Cathedral in Amiens, France and used in the military church at the Australian base at Le Harve.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Denys Church has a strong association with the people of Amiens and the surrounding area for spiritual and cultural reasons having provided pastoral care and social contacts in the region for over eighty years.</p><br>
<p>Ballandean Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead at Ballandean, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1890s circa. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Old Ballandean Homestead comprises a residence, detached kitchen, creamery, killing shed, milking shed, yards, stables and remnants of a blacksmith&#39;s shed and forge. It was the third head station constructed on Ballandean run, established in the New England district.</p><br>
<p>Ballandean was among the earliest pastoral runs taken up in that part of the north-eastern districts of New South Wales that later became Queensland. Some reports claim occupation as early as 1839.</p><br>
<p>From 1837 Robert Ramsay Mackenzie held an interest in a number of New England runs, but resided in Sydney, leaving his New England properties in the hands of managers. Sometime prior to 1844 Mackenzie either established or acquired an interest in Ballandean. Documents and notices pertaining to Mackenzie&#39;s bankruptcy, declared in April 1844, indicate that he held an interest in and 400 head of cattle running on Ballandean under the charge of Mr HH Nicol. Mackenzie later recovered his financial position and became a prominent Queensland politician, but his association with Ballandean appears to have concluded in 1844.</p><br>
<p>In November 1845 Henry Hayter Nicol, who had been managing Ballandean for Mackenzie, was granted a licence to depasture stock on Ballandean and in 1851 he was granted an official lease. The establishment of Ballandean as a successful pastoral property is attributed to Nicol. His first home on the run was a bark-roofed slab hut close to Washpool Creek. Reputedly, when the creek silted up and formed a swamp, Nicol constructed a four-roomed slab cottage with a stone fireplace and a shingle roof closer to the site of the later head station. An early traveller on the Darling Downs, writing in 1926 of a journey through the Granite Belt, recalled that Nicol had not yet built the rendered brick house and that he still resided in a slab building.</p><br>
<p>Nicol&#39;s lease passed to John Brown Watt in 1863. Like Mackenzie, Watt was an absentee squatter who owned a large number of runs. He was a prominent Sydney businessman and a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1861 to 1866 and from 1874 to 1890. It appears that Nicol continued to manage the property for Watt, and likely still held an interest in it, voting in the district until 1868 under his licence to depasture stock at Ballandean.</p><br>
<p>Robert Reid Cunninghame Robertson acquired the lease to Ballandean in 1865. Robertson was from Wellington Vale, west of Deepwater in northern New South Wales.</p><br>
<p>Donald Gunn, whose father owned nearby Pikedale station, visited the homestead as a child and later recalled it as one of the best houses in the district. Gunn attributed the improvements on Ballandean to Nicols, not Robertson, who he believed spent little on the property. Timber used in the new dwelling was cut on the property and limestone for the mortar is believed to have been quarried from a Ballandean paddock.</p><br>
<p>During Robertson&#39;s occupation the colonial government commenced a process of large-scale resumption of lease-hold pastoral land for closer agricultural selection. Under the Pastoral Leases Act of 1869, squatters had the option of protecting their homesteads and permanent improvements from this process by making a pre-emptive purchase of 2560 acres (1036 hectares) of their lease. In 1872 Robertson purchased the land surrounding Ballandean head station, which included the home station, meat station, woolshed, stockyards and most of the improvements.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s the Ballandean lease encompassed 133,202 acres (53,905.52 hectares) extending north to Folkstone and south to the New South Wales border. In 1877 about half the leasehold, 98 square miles (25,382 hectares), was resumed for closer settlement.</p><br>
<p>While Robertson maintained Wellington Vale as his principal place of residence he also took an interest in the affairs of Ballandean. He appears to have spent some time there and used his freehold title to vote in the district from 1874. After his death in 1883 Robertson&#39;s executors consolidated Ballandean run concurrently with further government resumptions of the lease in March 1886. In 1889 they transferred the homestead and leasehold rights to James Fletcher, who erected a dingo proof fence on the property and cleared much of the run.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 the roads through Ballandean were surveyed. The Surveyor-General instructed that the road from Nundubbermere passing through the Ballandean pre-emptive should join the Red Rock Road near the head station, and Fletcher requested that the road pass the gate on the east side of his paddock. The road survey map shows the buildings of Ballandean head station near the gate and on the southern side of the new road. A woolshed was located some distance south and stockyards to the southwest.</p><br>
<p>Ballandean was acquired by John William Luke in 1906. Luke had been manager at Ballandean from about 1898 and did much to improve the property. He became a prominent public figure in the area, at one time serving as chairman of the Stanthorpe Shire Council. By the 1920s he had stocked the run with merino sheep. The property was noted for its high quality wool, a reputation based largely on the fact that it was free of many of the pests common elsewhere in pastures. At one time the run achieved a record price for its wool clip. Luke also ran ponies and Devon cattle on the property.</p><br>
<p>During Luke&#39;s ownership The Queenslander featured "the picturesque homestead of Ballandean station" in its issue of 24 May 1924. The author described the main residence as having been constructed in the mid-19th century, but the offices, stores, stables and yards were of more recent date. Although much reduced in size, the station still had 22 paddocks and a "park-like" appearance with rich grasses and abundant water.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 1920s Ballandean has undergone several changes in ownership. Between 1967 and 1973 a cavity brick house was built on the property for use as the main residence. This is not considered to be of cultural heritage significance and is not included in the heritage boundary for Ballandean Homestead.</p><br>
<p>Between 1973 and 1977 new owners renovated the homestead.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Ballandean Station is situated approximately 5 kilometres south-west of the township of Ballandean, which lies 20 kilometres south of Stanthorpe on the New England Highway. The large property borders part of the eastern edge of Sundown National Park, between the park and the NSW border, in an area of southern Queensland known as the Granite Belt. The former head station is located in a contained area in the north-east of the property, within a kilometre of Washpool Creek, a tributary of the Severn River. The homestead comprises a number of structures of cultural heritage significance, including a rendered masonry house, detached kitchen, creamery, killing and milking sheds, combined stables and hayloft and the remains of a blacksmith&#39;s shed and forge.</p><br>
<h3>House</h3><br>
<p>The residence is a single-storeyed, rendered (stuccoed) brick building with a central rectangular core surrounded by wide verandahs. The side and northern verandahs have been enclosed. The roof is an elongated hip clad in corrugated steel sheeting. On each plane of the roof, the pitch reduces along a particular line, creating a broken-back skirt over the verandahs. Two tall, symmetrically disposed chimneystacks pierce the north-facing plane. The principal entrance is in the northern (rear) elevation.</p><br>
<p>An open verandah extends the length of the southern (front) elevation and is supported by tapering timber posts that are stop chamfered. The posts rest on concrete plinths. Four sets of early French doors open from the core of the building onto this verandah.</p><br>
<p>On the northern elevation the verandah is enclosed and a small, central, gable-roofed portico (a later addition) shelters the main entry doors. The portico roof is supported on two timber posts identical to those on the southern elevation. The double entry doors are low-waisted with glass fitted between fine mullions in the upper sections and a three-centred fixed fanlight above the transom. A narrow band of green and red glass forms a border to the upper half of each door leaf. On each side of the main doors are single banks of timber-framed windows.</p><br>
<p>The interior arrangement of rooms demonstrates an early layout. The rectangular core comprises three rooms, each with French doors opening to the southern (front) verandah. There is no central hallway, but there are single leaf doors opening between these rooms. The central room is the larger, with two pairs of French doors in the southern elevation and another opening into an entrance vestibule on the enclosed northern verandah. French doors also open from the eastern and western rooms to the formerly open side verandahs, which have been enclosed as sunrooms.</p><br>
<p>The sunrooms are similarly sized and, positioned at either end of the building, contribute to the symmetry of the external elevations. In their southern and side external walls there are large timber-framed, multi-paned windows (some casements and some fixed) with low sills. The interior sills are wide, making a ledge that has been fitted with timber.</p><br>
<p>On the northern side the main entrance opens into a small vestibule from which a door in each side wall opens to an enclosed verandah room. In both rooms there is a brick fireplace with a timber surround and mantel. The fireplace in the western verandah room stands back-to- back with a fireplace in the western room of the core. The rear of the fireplace in the eastern verandah room protrudes into the eastern room of the core, but there is no fireplace in this room.</p><br>
<p>The northern verandah has been enclosed at each corner to make two additional rooms. The north-east room has been refurbished as a kitchen and the north-west room as a bathroom and laundry, with external access.</p><br>
<p>Ceilings throughout the house are lined with wide timber boards, with those in the enclosed verandah rooms following the slope of the roof and those in the core being coved. The ceiling and walls of the kitchen have been further lined with fibrous-cement sheeting with timber cover strips and there is a pressed metal ceiling in the bathroom/laundry. The interior partition walls of the core are brick and these and all interior faces of the exterior brick walls are plastered and rendered. Several of the rooms have moulded picture rails, which vary in profile and in position on the wall. There are timber skirting boards at least six inches high throughout, except in the sunrooms, which appear to be a later addition.</p><br>
<h3>Detached kitchen</h3><br>
<p>The detached kitchen is situated approximately 10 metres to the north-west of the house, connected to it by a concrete path. It is a timber-framed building elevated on low timber stumps and has a hipped roof, the ridgeline of which runs almost perpendicular to that of the main house. The roof is clad in corrugated iron sheeting. An approximately 1.5 metre wide verandah encircles the building on three sides. The main roof covers these areas and is supported at each edge by timber posts. On the northern elevation the plane of the roof does not extend over the end wall, which is of brick with two separate chimneys and a stove alcove, which has a skillion roof clad in corrugated iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The timber walls are single-skin, vertical tongue and groove timber boards, with the wall framing visible in the interior. The western elevation has three timber-framed, double-hung sashes and a single leaf door. There are two similar windows and a door on the eastern elevation.</p><br>
<p>Internally the detached kitchen is divided into two rooms, the smaller being accessed externally from the south. A timber board door connects the two rooms. The ceiling is lined with fibrous cement sheeting. In the rear masonry wall of the main room (the former kitchen) are a bread oven, a central cooking alcove with an early range and metal flue, and a brick fireplace with a gently curved head. This wall has been plastered at some stage.</p><br>
<h3>Creamery</h3><br>
<p>The creamery is sited approximately 6 metres to the west of the detached kitchen. It has a pyramid roof clad in corrugated iron sheets and walls constructed of horizontal painted timber slabs. There is a deep overhang on each face of this small building that is supported on large, undressed timber poles. In plan the walled part of the structure is approximately 2.5 metres square. There are a door opening and a screened window in the eastern elevation.</p><br>
<p>The killing shed is located almost 35 metres directly north of the detached kitchen, within an arrangement of operational outbuildings and yards. It is a small gabled structure made of vertical timber slabs. The roof is clad in corrugated iron sheeting. A single-leaf timber board door opens out of the southern elevation. Two timber- framed meat storage cupboards, lined with wire mesh, sit against the interior of the eastern elevation. The floor is a concrete slab, bordered by timber.</p><br>
<h3>Milking Shed</h3><br>
<p>The milking shed is located almost 20 metres directly north of the killing shed. The structure is comparatively long with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron sheeting. Its northern face and ridgeline run almost parallel to Lynams Road, which runs from north-east to south- west past the Ballandean yards. It is constructed of unpainted, vertical timber slabs fixed to an undressed timber frame. Some of the framing members appear to be large stumps. A timber stock herder feeds into the eastern facade, while a large timber board gate opens into an ancillary yard off the western facade.</p><br>
<h3>Stables and Hayloft</h3><br>
<p>The combined stables and hayloft sit about 10 metres to the south-west of the milking shed. This structure also has a gable roof clad in corrugated iron sheeting and is constructed of vertical, unpainted timber slabs. The upper part of the eastern gable is clad in weatherboards and has a high door into the hayloft. The west-facing gable also has a high door but is clad in corrugated iron sheeting. There are timber doors or gates in each elevation, some of which give access to a large fenced yard.</p><br>
<p>The interior is divided by a series of timber slabs partitions the height of the long, side walls. The plan consists of a central corridor, the walls of which are half-height and made with horizontal slabs. This corridor leads into a room for which the hayloft platform makes a ceiling. The rafters are made of stripped tree trunks, while the battening that does exist is dressed timber.</p><br>
<h3>Remains of blacksmith's shed and forge</h3><br>
<p>The blacksmith&#39;s shed and forge is situated over 30 metres to the east and slightly to the north of the milking shed, on the north-east side of Lynams Road. The shed is a skillion-roofed structure, of which only the undressed framing, some upper sections of timber slab work and a part of a lower slab wall remain. One timber board gate is also still fixed to the frame. This building overlooks the remains of a forge, which comprise an upright piece of rusting iron and some loose timber framing.</p><br>
<h3>Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>The homestead has an associated cemetery on Sundown Road (-28.8196&deg; latitude, 151.7880&deg; longitude). There are no individual headstones remaining, but a single monument lists all those buried in the cemetery. The cemetery is not included in the heritage listing.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Ballandean Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Ballandean Station, established, was one of the earliest pastoral runs taken up in the Granite Belt district of Queensland. Ballandean Homestead, erected, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland&#39;s history, being associated with the pattern and nature of squatter occupation of the New England and Darling Downs districts preceding agriculture and the establishment of towns.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of early and evolving head stations on Queensland pastoral properties. Significant fabric in the homestead complex includes a masonry residence, detached kitchen and a range of timber slab ancillary structures including cream house, killing shed, milking shed, and combined stables and hayloft. There are also the remnants of an early blacksmith&#39;s shed and forge. The residence has thick walls of rendered brickwork, coved ceilings, and early French doors, and is important in demonstrating an early (mid-19th century) arrangement of interior residential space.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The homestead complex has aesthetic importance as a picturesque and rustic place set in a rural environment, which quality has been valued by visitors over many decades.</p><br>
<p>Dalveen Tunnel is a heritage-listed tunnel on the Warwick to Wallangarra railway line, Dalveen, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1878 to 1880 by J Garget. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The exploitation of the mineral resources of Queensland was recognised by political interests in Queensland as being closely linked with the development of a railway system from the period of the late 1860s and early 1870s. This connection between political decisions and economic development was further linked and with the decision taken in 1877 to construct mineral railways running from Townsville to Charters Towers (Great Northern Railway), Bundaberg to Mount Perry (Mount Perry railway line) and Maryborough to Gympie (North Coast railway line). The extension of the Southern & Western Railway from Warwick to Stanthorpe was approved along with extensions to Roma and Emerald on the same day in Parliament, 30 August 1877. The decision to construct separate railway systems with no connection to other parts of the Queensland Railway system was to result in a proliferation of separate railways throughout Queensland, (up to eleven by 1891). The system would not be unified until 1924 with the opening of the North Coast Line between Brisbane and Cairns.</p><br>
<p>The agitation for the construction of a railway from the town of Warwick to the mining centre of Stanthorpe was a major political and social rallying point for the population of the southern tablelands. The booming tin mining area around Stanthorpe provided the impetus for the extension of the railway south from Warwick. The railway had opened to Warwick on 9 January 1871. In 1873 a survey from Warwick to Stanthorpe was begun and the 41½ mile to Stanthorpe was mapped. However this survey included two costly tunnels- one 29 chains in length to save a 1¾ mile long detour and a 13 chain long tunnel to save 2½ miles. The permanent survey was then pressed forward, but the line that was surveyed passed through the centre of Warwick, and as a result meant expensive earthworks in the centre of the town.</p><br>
<p>A permanent survey was completed in 1876 to the 85 mile mark, which was 27 miles from Warwick. On this survey there were several deviations made to shorten the overall distance of the line. In 1878 the working plans for the section from Warwick to Stanthorpe were finally prepared. Tenders were called for on the 1st and 2nd sections Warwick - Stanthorpe at the end of January 1878. Section one ran to a point 20 miles 28 chains and 19 links south of Warwick, whilst Section two ran 20 miles 41 chains and 60 links to Stanthorpe.</p><br>
<p>Section 1 was awarded to J&A Overend and Co. for £178784 and J. Garget on Section 2 for £105983. Construction was described in the Commissioners report as follows:Section 2- as 1st tenders were considered too high, fresh tenders were called and the contract given to Garget. Clearing of the right of way began in November 1878, as well as some cuttings were begun.The Dalveen tunnel was constructed to pierce a spur of the Silverwood Range. It was one of the major works on the second contract of the line to Stanthorpe. By the end of 1879 it was noted that:The heading of No. 2 tunnel at 84 miles 20 chains was excavated to about one-third of the total length, and a large number of bricks had been prepared in readiness for the lining.Section Two of the contract did not involve the difficulties that were encountered on the works around the Cherry Gully tunnel. was a case where the going was much easier. In common with railway construction of the time a camp would have been situated nearby to act as labour base for its workings. On Section Two some 325 men were employed at this time. In 1880 Minister for Works, John Macrossan visited the railway works and made an inspection as far as Gargets Camp. The Stanthorpe Border Post and Stannum Miner reported on his visit:The construction camps were temporary townships, and were supplied with drinking establishments, sometimes a school, contractor stores even places of worship. Some of the hotels were recorded by local correspondents and give an idea of some of the places. Edmund Power had a drinking establishment on the Second Section at Telegraph Road crossing, and also John Commerford opened the North Australian Hotel, Main Camp, at the New Tunnel on the 2nd section.Life in the camps could be a perilous affair at times, especially where hot tempers were concerned. A dispute over the return of the loan of a few shillings lead to the shooting of John ONeil a sub-contractor on Section Two. The individual who shot ONeil, Felix was a Frenchman. The Stanthorpe Border Post noted that ONeil died in agony nearly six hours after the shooting. Felix made no attempt to escape. Rather he was caught by ONeils mates, after Felix had a leisurely breakfast, and was preparing to ride to Stanthorpe.</p><br>
<p>The Commissioner&#39;s Report for 1880 noted that the excavation and lining of No.2 tunnel had been completed and that only track laying remained to be done. On Section Two progress was much faster, and the Commissioners Report noted that only platelaying and Ballasting required completion. The line from Cherry Gully through to Stanthorpe was opened throughout on 1 May 1881, and was taken over by the railways on 1 November 1881. It was noted that the tunnel (on Section Two) was a work to be proud of, perfectly straight, true curves of arch, bright red brick and pure whiteness of stone facing, the whole of the tunnel being on a 1 in 50 grade. The works were acknowledged as being of great credit to all concerned.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dalveen tunnel is situated at 183 mi from Roma Street railway station on the Southern Line between Warwick and Wallangarra. The tunnel is of semi-elliptical cross-section, and is brick lines with brick arches and brick portals featuring sandstone quoins. The southern portal (Dalveen portal) features a date of 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dalveen Tunnel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick-Stanthorpe railway was one of several major railway lines approved by the Queensland Parliament in 1877, to access mineral fields throughout Queensland, but particularly of the Stannum district. The tunnel allows for an interpretation of the construction techniques of the latter part of the nineteenth century, especially with the use of drilling equipment, and the experimental use of concrete, in a railway context. As part of the development of the Southern line, and the eventual inter-colonial connection with New South Wales at Wallangarra, the tunnel was one of the major engineering works undertaken on what was in the period of 1889-1930 Queensland&#39;s busiest mainline. Its survival and ongoing use allows for the interpretation of the importance of the Queensland Railway network in the economic development of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Dalveen Tunnel is important as a substantially intact example of innovative engineering technology used in association with railway construction.</p><br>
<p>The main Orono Post Office is located at 1 Bennoch Street in Orono, Maine. Built in 1933, it is a fine local example of Classical Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Orono Post Office is set on a triangular wedge-shaped lot at the northwest corner of Forest and Bennoch Streets, just off Orono&#39;s Main Street (United States Route 2). Oriented toward the junction, it is a T-shaped single-story brick and masonry structure with a flat roof and a balustraded parapet. The main facade is seven bays wide, five of which are in a central section that projects slightly. These central bays all feature round-arch openings, with the main entrance in the central one, and windows in the others. The outer two bays have rectangular openings filled with sash windows, topped by a keystone. The central section is flanked by stone pilasters. The interior lobby space of the building features terrazzo marble flooring, marble wainscoting and door trim, and plaster walls with dentil moulding at the cornice. Some of the interior is later 20th-century work, done to match existing original trim.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed in 1932 by Louis A. Simon, the Supervising Architect of the United States Treasury Department, and was completed in 1932. The construction drawings were prepared by a local firm, Stallworth and Davis, as part of an early program to expand job opportunities. Its lobby area underwent a major renovation in the 1980s which included the provision of new aluminum boxes.</p><br>
<p>The first jail was built in 1837 of 14 in square logs. It was two-stories tall with a trap door from the second story floor to access the ground floor. The next jail was made of brick. Like the first jail, it was located on Courthouse Square. By 1869 this second structure was in serious need of repair. Frequent jail breaks from the second jail, led the county to hire George Garnsey of Chicago to design a new jail. The most notable jailbreak resulted when prisoners pushed bricks out of the wall.</p><br>
<p>The "Castellated Gothic" design represents the late 1800s American jail design standards. The massive, rough stone blocks suggest a feeling of strength and permanence. Narrow windows and second story main entrance imply the restrictive function of the structure. To stop future jailbreaks, iron dowel rods pierced the stone blocks. This would prevent the stones from being pushed out. The jail was completed in 1870, one block east of the courthouse square. The cost was $48,000, and the builder was Richard Epperson.</p><br>
<p>The second story contained the sheriff&#39;s residence. Thus the sheriff was always on duty and acted as a live-in warden. The most notable prisoners held were several Culver bank robbers who were defended in Warsaw by Clarence Darrow. Later they would be involved in the John Dillinger escape in Lake County, Indiana.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The jail is two-stories on an elevated basement. The main entrance is up a flight of steps. Two windows flank the stairs on the basement level. All the windows are double-hung sashes with one-over-one lights. The first floor story has three bays with a large door in the center bay. The second floor has four windows. The sides of the main building have three bays on each level.</p><br>
<p>On the north side a one-story garage was added in 1937. It is the only major alteration of the exterior. The stonework matches the original building. In 1964 the garage was made into office space. After 1900 modern plumbing, heating, and electricity were installed. The second story served as the sheriff&#39;s residence until 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The building is now owned by the Kosciusko County Historical Society and operated as the Kosciusko County Jail Museum.</p><br>
<p>Huérfano Mountain , also known as Huerfano Mesa and El Huerfano, is one of four sacred mountains in the mythology of the Navajo people. Located in San Juan County, New Mexico, the 7,470 feet mountain is believed in Navajo culture to be the home of Yódí Atʼééd  and Yódí Ashkii . It is also thought to be the original home of Áłtsé Hastiin  and Áłtsé Asdzą́ą́ .</p><br>
<p>Located at the center of the Navajo&#39;s ancestral homeland, the Dinetah, Huérfano Mountain is composed of Eocene sandstone, and is considered one of two sacred "inner mountains". An Ancestral Puebloan long-distance communication system that utilized smoke and mirrors existed in the region, and direct lines of sight have been established between Huérfano Mountain, Chimney Rock Pueblo, and the Chacoan great house Pueblo Alto. Messages could have been relayed between the three points within minutes.</p><br>
<p>Palmyra  is an ancient Semitic city in present-day Homs Governorate, Syria. Archaeological finds date back to the Neolithic period, and the city was first documented in the early second millennium BC. Palmyra changed hands on a number of occasions between different empires before becoming a subject of the Roman Empire in the first century AD.</p><br>
<p>The city grew wealthy from trade caravans; the Palmyrenes were renowned merchants who established colonies along the Silk Road and operated throughout the Roman Empire. Palmyras wealth enabled the construction of monumental projects, such as the Great Colonnade, the Temple of Bel, and the distinctive tower tombs. The Palmyrenes were a mix of Amorites, Arameans, and Arabs. The citys social structure was tribal, and its inhabitants spoke Palmyrene (a dialect of Aramaic); Greek was used for commercial and diplomatic purposes. The culture of Palmyra was influenced by Greco-Roman culture and produced distinctive art and architecture that combined eastern and western traditions. The city&#39;s inhabitants worshiped local Semitic deities, Mesopotamian and Arab gods.</p><br>
<p>By the third century AD, Palmyra was a prosperous regional center reaching the apex of its power in the 260s, when Palmyrene King Odaenathus defeated Persian Emperor Shapur I. The king was succeeded by regent Queen Zenobia, who rebelled against Rome and established the Palmyrene Empire. In 273, Roman emperor Aurelian destroyed the city, which was later restored by Diocletian at a reduced size. The Palmyrenes converted to Christianity during the fourth century and to Islam in the centuries following the conquest by the Rashidun Caliphate, after which the Palmyrene and Greek languages were replaced by Arabic.</p><br>
<p>Before AD 273, Palmyra enjoyed autonomy and was attached to the Roman province of Syria, having its political organization influenced by the Greek city-state model during the first two centuries AD. The city became a Roman colonia during the third century, leading to the incorporation of Roman governing institutions, before becoming a monarchy in 260. Following its destruction in 273, Palmyra became a minor center under the Byzantines and later empires. Its destruction by the Timurids in 1400 reduced it to a small village. Under French Mandatory rule in 1932, the inhabitants were moved into the new village of Tadmur, and the ancient site became available for excavations.</p><br>
<p>During the Syrian Civil War in 2015, Palmyra came under the control of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and subsequently changed hands several times between the militant group and the Syrian Army who retook the city on 2 March 2017. ISIL sabotaged many artifacts and destroyed a number of buildings, considerably damaging the ancient site.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The name "Tadmor" is known from the early second millennium BC; eighteenth century BC tablets from Mari written in cuneiform record the name as "Ta-ad-mi-ir", while Assyrian inscriptions of the eleventh century BC record it as Ta-ad-mar. Aramaic Palmyrene inscriptions themselves showed two variants of the name; TDMR (i.e. Tadmar) and TDMWR (i.e. Tadmor). The etymology of the name is unclear; the standard interpretation, supported by Albert Schultens, connects it to the Semitic word for "date palm", tamar (תמר), thus referring to the palm trees that surrounded the city.</p><br>
<p>The Greek name Παλμύρα (Latinized Palmyra) is first recorded by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century AD. It was used throughout the Greco-Roman world. It is generally believed that "Palmyra" derives from "Tadmor" and two possibilities have been presented by linguists; one view holds that Palmyra was an alteration of Tadmor. According to the suggestion by Schultens, "Palmyra" could have arisen as a corruption of "Tadmor", via an unattested form "Talmura", changed to "Palmura" by influence of the Latin word palma (date "palm"), in reference to the city&#39;s palm trees, then the name reached its final form "Palmyra". The second view, supported by some philologists, such as Jean Starcky, holds that Palmyra is a translation of "Tadmor" (assuming that it meant palm), which had derived from the Greek word for palm, "Palame".</p><br>
<p>An alternative suggestion connects the name to the Syriac tedmurtā (ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ) "miracle", hence tedmurtā "object of wonder", from the root dmr "to wonder&quot this possibility was mentioned favourably by Franz Altheim and Ruth Altheim-Stiehl (1973), but rejected by Jean Starcky (1960) and Michael Gawlikowski (1974). Michael Patrick O&#39;Connor (1988) suggested that the names "Palmyra" and "Tadmor" originated in the Hurrian language. As evidence, he cited the inexplicability of alterations to the theorized roots of both names (represented in the addition of -d- to tamar and -ra- to palame). According to this theory, "Tadmor" derives from the Hurrian word tad ("to love") with the addition of the typical Hurrian mid vowel rising (mVr) formant mar. Similarly, according to this theory, "Palmyra" derives from the Hurrian word pal ("to know") using the same mVr formant (mar).</p><br>
<h2>Location and city layout</h2><br>
<p>Palmyra is 215 km northeast of the Syrian capital, Damascus, in an oasis surrounded by palms (of which twenty varieties have been reported). Two mountain ranges overlook the city; the northern Palmyrene mountain belt from the north and the southern Palmyrene mountains from the southwest. In the south and the east Palmyra is exposed to the Syrian Desert. A small wadi (al-Qubur) crosses the area, flowing from the western hills past the city before disappearing in the eastern gardens of the oasis. South of the wadi is a spring, Efqa. Pliny the Elder described the town in the 70s AD as famous for its desert location, the richness of its soil, and the springs surrounding it, which made agriculture and herding possible.</p><br>
<h3>Layout</h3><br>
<p>Palmyra began as a small settlement near the Efqa spring on the southern bank of Wadi al-Qubur. The settlement, known as the Hellenistic settlement, had residences expanding to the wadis northern bank during the first century. Although the citys walls originally enclosed an extensive area on both banks of the wadi, the walls rebuilt during Diocletian&#39;s reign surrounded only the northern-bank section.</p><br>
<p>Most of the citys monumental projects were built on the wadis northern bank. Among them is the Temple of Bel, on a tell which was the site of an earlier temple (known as the Hellenistic temple). However, excavation supports the theory that the tell was originally located on the southern bank, and the wadi was diverted south of the tell to incorporate the temple into Palmyra&#39;s late first and early second century urban organization on the north bank.</p><br>
<p>Also north of the wadi was the Great Colonnade, Palmyras 1.1 km main street, which extended from the Temple of Bel in the east, to the Funerary Temple no.86 in the citys western part. It had a monumental arch in its eastern section, and a tetrapylon stands in the center. The Baths of Diocletian, built on the ruins of an earlier building which might have been the royal palace, were on the left side of the colonnade. Nearby were residences, the Temple of Baalshamin, and the Byzantine churches, which include "Basilica IV", Palmyra&#39;s largest church. The church is dated to the Justinian age, its columns are estimated to be 7 m high, and its base measured 27.5 by.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Nabu and the Roman theater were built on the colonnade&#39;s southern side. Behind the theater were a small senate building and the large Agora, with the remains of a triclinium (banquet room) and the Tariff Court. A cross street at the western end of the colonnade leads to the Camp of Diocletian, built by Sosianus Hierocles (the Roman governor of Syria). Nearby are the Temple of Al-lāt and the Damascus Gate.</p><br>
<h2>People, language and society</h2><br>
<p>At its height during the reign of Zenobia, Palmyra had more than 200,000 residents. Its earliest known inhabitants were the Amorites in the early second millennium BC, and by the end of the millennium Arameans were mentioned as inhabiting the area. Arabs arrived in the city in the late first millennium BC. The soldiers of the sheikh Zabdibel, who aided the Seleucids in the battle of Raphia (217 BC), were described as Arabs; Zabdibel and his men were not actually identified as Palmyrenes in the texts, but the name "Zabdibel" is a Palmyrene name leading to the conclusion that the sheikh hailed from Palmyra. The Arab newcomers were assimilated by the earlier inhabitants, used Palmyrene as a mother tongue, and formed a significant segment of the aristocracy.</p><br>
<p>The city also had a Jewish community; inscriptions in Palmyrene from the necropolis of Beit Shearim in Lower Galilee confirm the burial of Palmyrene Jews. Occasionally and rarely, members of the Palmyrene families took Greek names while ethnic Greeks were few; the majority of people with Greek names, who did not belong to one of the citys families, were freed slaves. The Palmyrenes seem to have disliked the Greeks, considered them foreigners, and restricted their settlement in the city.</p><br>
<p>Until the late third century AD, Palmyrenes spoke a dialect of Aramaic and used the Palmyrene alphabet. The use of Latin was minimal, but Greek was used by wealthier members of society for commercial and diplomatic purposes, and it became the dominant language during the Byzantine era. After the Arab conquest, Greek was replaced by Arabic, from which a Palmyrene dialect evolved.</p><br>
<p>Palmyras society was a mixture of the different peoples inhabiting the city, which is seen in Aramaic, Arabic and Amorite clan names. Palmyra was a tribal community but due to the lack of sources, an understanding of the nature of Palmyrene tribal structure is not possible. Thirty clans have been documented; five of which were identified as tribes (Phyle (φυλή)) comprising several sub-clans. By the time of Nero Palmyra had four tribes, each residing in an area of the city bearing its name. Three of the tribes were the Komare, Mattabol and Mazin; the fourth tribe is uncertain, but was probably the Mita. In time, the four tribes became highly civic and tribal lines blurred; by the second century clan identity lost its importance, and it disappeared during the third century. Even the four tribes ceased to be important by the third century as only one inscription mentions a tribe after the year 212; instead, aristocrats played the decisive role in the city&#39;s social organization. During the Umayyad period Palmyra was mainly inhabited by the Kalb tribe. Benjamin of Tudela recorded the existence of 2,000 Jews in the city during the twelfth century. Palmyra declined after its destruction by Timur in 1400, and was a village of 6,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the 20th century; although surrounded by Bedouin, the villagers preserved their dialect. Palmyra maintained the life of a small settlement until its relocation in 1932.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The scarce artifacts found in the city dating to the Bronze Age reveal that, culturally, Palmyra was most affiliated with western Syria. Classical Palmyra had a distinctive culture, based on a local Semitic tradition, and influenced by Greece and Rome. To appear better integrated into the Roman Empire, some Palmyrenes adopted Greco-Roman names, either alone or in addition to a second native name. The extent of Greek influence on Palmyras culture is debated. Scholars interpreted the Palmyrenes Greek practices differently; many see those characters as a superficial layer over a local essence. Palmyras senate was an example; although Palmyrene texts written in Greek described it as a "boule" (a Greek institution), the senate was a gathering of non-elected tribal elders (a Near-Eastern assembly tradition). Others view Palmyras culture as a fusion of local and Greco-Roman traditions.</p><br>
<p>The culture of Persia influenced Palmyrene military tactics, dress and court ceremonies. Palmyra had no large libraries or publishing facilities, and it lacked an intellectual movement characteristic of other Eastern cities such as Edessa or Antioch. Although Zenobia opened her court to academics, the only notable scholar documented was Cassius Longinus.</p><br>
<p>Palmyra had a large agora. However, unlike the Greek Agoras (public gathering places shared with public buildings), Palmyras agora resembled an Eastern caravanserai more than a hub of public life. The Palmyrenes buried their dead in elaborate family mausoleums, most with interior walls forming rows of burial chambers (loculi) in which the dead, laying at full length, were placed. A relief of the person interred formed part of the walls decoration, acting as a headstone. Sarcophagi appeared in the late second century and were used in some of the tombs. Many burial monuments contained mummies embalmed in a method similar to that used in Ancient Egypt.</p><br>
<h3>Art and architecture</h3><br>
<p>Although Palmyrene art was related to that of Greece, it had a distinctive style unique to the middle-Euphrates region. Palmyrene art is well represented by the bust reliefs which seal the openings of its burial chambers. The reliefs emphasized clothing, jewelry and a frontal representation of the person depicted, characteristics which can be seen as a forerunner of Byzantine art. According to Michael Rostovtzeff, Palmyras art was influenced by Parthian art. However, the origin of frontality that characterized Palmyrene and Parthian arts is a controversial issue; while Parthian origin has been suggested (by Daniel Schlumberger), Michael Avi-Yonah contends that it was a local Syrian tradition that influenced Parthian art. Little painting, and none of the bronze statues of prominent citizens (which stood on brackets on the main columns of the Great Colonnade), have survived. A damaged frieze and other sculptures from the Temple of Bel, many removed to museums in Syria and abroad, suggest the citys public monumental sculpture.</p><br>
<p>Many surviving funerary busts reached Western museums during the 19th century. Palmyra provided the most convenient Eastern examples bolstering an art-history controversy at the turn of the 20th century: to what extent Eastern influence on Roman art replaced idealized classicism with frontal, hieratic and simplified figures (as believed by Josef Strzygowski and others). This transition is seen as a response to cultural changes in the Western Roman Empire, rather than artistic influence from the East. Palmyrene bust reliefs, unlike Roman sculptures, are rudimentary portraits; although many reflect high quality individuality, the majority vary little across figures of similar age and gender.</p><br>
<p>Like its art, Palmyras architecture was influenced by the Greco-Roman style, while preserving local elements (best seen in the Temple of Bel). Enclosed by a massive wall flanked with traditional Roman columns, Bels sanctuary plan was primarily Semitic. Similar to the Second Temple, the sanctuary consisted of a large courtyard with the deity&#39;s main shrine off-center against its entrance (a plan preserving elements of the temples of Ebla and Ugarit).</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<h3>Cemeteries</h3><br>
<p>West of the ancient walls, the Palmyrenes built a number of large-scale funerary monuments which now form the Valley of Tombs, a 1 km necropolis. The more than 50 monuments were primarily tower-shaped and up to four stories high. Towers were replaced by funerary temples in the first half of the second century AD, as the most recent tower is dated to AD 128. The city had other cemeteries in the north, southwest and southeast, where the tombs are primarily hypogea (underground).</p><br>
<h3>Notable structures</h3><br>
<h4>Public buildings</h4><br>
<p>The senate building is largely ruined. It is a small building that consists of a peristyle courtyard and a chamber that has an apse at one end and rows of seats around it.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Baths of Diocletian are ruined and do not survive above the level of the foundations. The complex&#39;s entrance is marked by four massive Egyptian granite columns each 1.3 m in diameter, 12.5 m high and weigh 20 tonnes. Inside, the outline of a bathing pool surrounded by a colonnade of Corinthian columns is still visible in addition to an octagonal room that served as a dressing room containing a drain in its center.</p><br>
<p>The Agora of Palmyra is part of a complex that also includes the tariff court and the triclinium, built in the second half of the first century AD. The agora is a massive 71 by structure with 11 entrances. Inside the agora, 200 columnar bases that used to hold statues of prominent citizens were found. The inscriptions on the bases allowed an understanding of the order by which the statues were grouped; the eastern side was reserved for senators, the northern side for Palmyrene officials, the western side for soldiers and the southern side for caravan chiefs.</p><br>
<p>The Tariff Court is a large rectangular enclosure south of the agora and sharing its northern wall with it. Originally, the entrance of the court was a massive vestibule in its southwestern wall. However, the entrance was blocked by the construction of a defensive wall and the court was entered through three doors from the Agora. The court gained its name by containing a 5 meters long stone slab that had the Palmyrene tax law inscribed on it.</p><br>
<p>The Triclinium of the Agora is located to the northwestern corner of the Agora and can host up to 40 person. It is a small 12 by hall decorated with Greek key motifs that run in a continuous line halfway up the wall. The building was probably used by the rulers of the city; Henri Arnold Seyrig proposed that it was a small temple before being turned into a triclinium or banqueting hall.</p><br>
<h4>Temples</h4><br>
<p>The Temple of Bel was dedicated in AD 32; it consisted of a large precinct lined by porticos; it had a rectangular shape and was oriented north-south. The exterior wall was 205 m long with a propylaea, and the cella stood on a podium in the middle of the enclosure.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Baalshamin dates to the late 2nd century BC in its earliest phases; its altar was built in AD 115, and it was substantially rebuilt in AD 131. It consisted of a central cella and two colonnaded courtyards north and south of the central structure. A vestibule consisting of six columns preceded the cella which had its side walls decorated with pilasters in Corinthian order.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Nabu is largely ruined. The temple was Eastern in its plan; the outer enclosure&#39;s propylaea led to a 20 by podium through a portico of which the bases of the columns survives. The peristyle cella opened onto an outdoor altar.</p><br>
<p>The Temple of Al-lāt is largely ruined with only a podium, a few columns and the door frame remaining. Inside the compound, a giant lion relief (Lion of Al-lāt) was excavated and in its original form, was a relief protruding from the temple compound&#39;s wall.</p><br>
<p>The ruined Temple of Baal-hamon was located on the top of Jabal al-Muntar hill which oversees the spring of Efqa. Constructed in AD 89, it consisted of a cella and a vestibule with two columns. The temple had a defensive tower attached to it; a mosaic depicting the sanctuary was excavated and it revealed that both the cella and the vestibule were decorated with merlons.</p><br>
<h4>Other buildings</h4><br>
<p>The Great Colonnade was Palmyra&#39;s 1.1 km main street; most of the columns date to the second century AD and each is 9.50 m high.</p><br>
<p>The Funerary Temple no.86 (also known as the House Tomb) is located at the western end of the Great Colonnade. It was built in the third century AD and has a portico of six columns and vine patterns carvings. Inside the chamber, steps leads down to a vault crypt. The shrine might have been connected to the royal family as it is the only tomb inside the city&#39;s walls.</p><br>
<p>The Tetrapylon was erected during the renovations of Diocletian at the end of the third century. It is a square platform and each corner contains a grouping of four columns. Each column group supports a 150 tons cornice and contains a pedestal in its center that originally carried a statue. Out of sixteen columns, only one is original while the rest are from reconstruction work by the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities in 1963, using concrete. The original columns were brought from Egypt and carved out of pink granite.</p><br>
<p>The city&#39;s current walls were erected during the reign of Diocletian whose fortification of the city enclosed about 80 hectares, a much smaller area than the original pre-273 city. The Diocletianic walls had protective towers and fortified gateways.</p><br>
<h3>Destruction by ISIL</h3><br>
<p>According to eyewitnesses, on 23 May 2015 the militants destroyed the Lion of Al-lāt and other statues; this came days after the militants gathered the citizens and promised not to destroy the citys monuments. ISIL destroyed the Temple of Baalshamin on 23 August 2015 according to Syrias antiquities chief Maamoun Abdulkarim and activists. On 30 August 2015, ISIL destroyed the cella of the Temple of Bel. On 31 August 2015, the United Nations confirmed the temple was destroyed; the temple&#39;s exterior walls and entrance arch remain.</p><br>
<p>It became known on 4 September 2015 that ISIL had destroyed three of the best preserved tower tombs including the Tower of Elahbel. On 5 October 2015, news media reported that ISIL was destroying buildings with no religious meaning, including the Arch of Triumph. On 20 January 2017, news emerged that the militants had destroyed the tetrapylon and part of the theater. Following the March 2017 capture of Palmyra by the Syrian Army, Maamoun Abdulkarim, director of antiquities and museums at the Syrian Ministry of Culture, stated that the damage to ancient monuments may be lesser than earlier believed and preliminary pictures showed almost no further damage than what was already known. Antiquities official Wael Hafyan stated that the Tetrapylon was badly damaged while the damage to the facade of the Roman theatre was less serious in relativity.</p><br>
<h4>Restoration</h4><br>
<p>In response to the first destruction, on 21 October 2015, Creative Commons started the New Palmyra project, an online repository of three-dimensional models representing the city&#39;s monuments; the models were generated from images gathered, and released into the public domain, by the Syrian internet advocate Bassel Khartabil between 2005 and 2012. About the destruction during the second ISIL occupation, Abdulkarim states “This time, they don’t seem to have damaged Palmyra as badly as we feared.” and states that "approximately 80% of Palmyra’s antiquities are in fairly good condition and 15% of those more heavily damaged also can and will be restored." Consultations with the UNESCO, UN specialized agencies, archaeological associations and museums produced plans to restore Palmyra; the work is postponed until the violence in Syria ends as many international partners fear for the safety of their teams as well as ensuring that the restored artifacts will not be damaged again by further battles. The general director of the Czech National Museum, Michal Lukeš, signed an agreement in June 2017 committing the institution to help Syria save, preserve and conserve much of its cultural and historical heritage damaged by war, including the ancient site of Palmyra; he met with Abdulkarim and discussed plans for the works that are said to last until 2019.</p><br>
<p>Minor restorations have already begun; two Palmyrene funerary busts of a deceased man and a woman, damaged and defaced by ISIL, were taken from Palmyra, then to Beirut to be sent off to Rome. Italian experts restored the portraits using 3D technology to print resin prosthetics, which were coated with a thick layer of stone dust to blend in with the original stone; the prosthetics were attached to the damaged faces of the busts using strong magnets. The restored pieces are now back in Syria. Abdulkarim said the restoration of the busts "is the first real, visible positive step that the international community has taken to protect Syrian heritage". In July 2017, the discoverer of Ebla, Paolo Matthiae, speaking in the "Faces of Palmyra" ("I Volti de Palmyra") exhibition in Aquileia, said that: "The archaeological site of Palmyra is a vast field of ruins and only 20-30% of it is seriously damaged. Unfortunately these included important parts, such as the Temple of Bel, while the Arc of Triumph can be rebuilt." He added: "In any case, by using both traditional methods and advanced technologies, it might be possible to restore 98% of the site".</p><br>
<p>The famous Lion of Al-lat that was damaged by ISIS during their occupation of Palmyra had been since restored. The restoration of the Lion of Al-lāt took two months and the statue was displayed in 1 October 2017; it will remain in the National Museum of Damascus. The restoration of the statue ad been described as "an important achievement with a symbolic dimension” by Hamed Al Hammami, Director of the UNESCO Regional Bureau for Education in the Arab States and UNESCO Representative to Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site at Palmyra provided evidence for a Neolithic settlement near Efqa, with stone tools dated to 7500 BC. Archaeological sounding in the tell beneath the Temple of Bel uncovered a mud-brick structure built around 2500 BC, followed by structures built during the Middle Bronze Age and Iron Age.</p><br>
<h3>Early period</h3><br>
<p>The city entered the historical record during the Bronze Age around 2000 BC, when Puzur-Ishtar the Tadmorean (Palmyrene) agreed to a contract at an Assyrian trading colony in Kultepe. It was mentioned next in the Mari tablets as a stop for trade caravans and nomadic tribes, such as the Suteans, and was conquered along with its region by Yahdun-Lim of Mari. King Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria passed through the area on his way to the Mediterranean at the beginning of the 18th century BC; by then, Palmyra was the easternmost point of the kingdom of Qatna, and it was attacked by the Suteans who paralyzed the traffic along the trade routes. Palmyra was mentioned in a 13th-century BC tablet discovered at Emar, which recorded the names of two "Tadmorean" witnesses. At the beginning of the 11th century BC, King Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria recorded his defeat of the "Arameans" of "Tadmar&quot according to the king, Palmyra was part of the land of Amurru. The city became the eastern border of Aram-Damascus which was conquered by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 732 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Hebrew Bible (Second Book of Chronicles 8:4) records a city by the name "Tadmor" as a desert city built (or fortified) by King Solomon of Israel; Flavius Josephus mentions the Greek name "Palmyra", attributing its founding to Solomon in Book VIII of his Antiquities of the Jews. Later Arabic traditions attribute the citys founding to Solomons Jinn. The association of Palmyra with Solomon is a conflation of "Tadmor" and a city built by Solomon in Judea and known as "Tamar" in the Books of Kings (1 Kings 9:18). The biblical description of "Tadmor" and its buildings does not fit archaeological findings in Palmyra, which was a small settlement during Solomon&#39;s reign in the 10th century BC.</p><br>
<h3>Hellenistic and Roman periods</h3><br>
<p>During the Hellenistic period under the Seleucids (between 312 and 64 BC), Palmyra became a prosperous settlement owing allegiance to the Seleucid king. In 217 BC, a Palmyrene force led by Zabdibel joined the army of King Antiochus III in the Battle of Raphia which ended in a Seleucid defeat by Ptolemaic Egypt. In the middle of the Hellenistic era, Palmyra, formerly south of the al-Qubur wadi, began to expand beyond its northern bank. By the late second century BC, the tower tombs in the Palmyrene Valley of Tombs and the city temples (most notably, the temples of Baalshamin, Al-lāt and the Hellenistic temple) began to be built.</p><br>
<p>In 64 BC the Roman Republic conquered the Seleucid kingdom, and the Roman general Pompey established the province of Syria. Palmyra was left independent, trading with Rome and Parthia but belonging to neither. The earliest known Palmyrene inscription is dated to around 44 BC; Palmyra was still a minor sheikhdom, offering water to caravans which occasionally took the desert route on which it was located. However, according to Appian Palmyra was wealthy enough for Mark Antony to send a force to conquer it in 41 BC. The Palmyrenes evacuated to Parthian lands beyond the eastern bank of the Euphrates, which they prepared to defend.</p><br>
<h4>Autonomous Palmyrene region</h4><br>
<p>Palmyra became part of the Roman Empire when it was conquered and paid tribute early in the reign of Tiberius, around 14 AD. The Romans included Palmyra in the province of Syria, and defined the regions boundaries; a boundary marker laid by Roman governor Silanus was found 75 km northwest of the city at Khirbet el-Bilaas. A marker at the citys southwestern border was found at Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi, and its eastern border extended to the Euphrates valley. This region included numerous villages subordinate to the center such as al-Qaryatayn (35 other settlements have been identified by 2012). The Roman imperial period brought great prosperity to the city, which enjoyed a privileged status under the empire—retaining much of its internal autonomy, being ruled by a council, and incorporating many Greek city-state (polis) institutions into its government.</p><br>
<p>The earliest Palmyrene text attesting a Roman presence in the city dates to 18 AD, when the Roman general Germanicus tried to develop a friendly relationship with Parthia; he sent the Palmyrene Alexandros to Mesene, a Parthian vassal kingdom. This was followed by the arrival of the Roman legion Legio X Fretensis the following year. Roman authority was minimal during the first century AD, although tax collectors were resident, and a road connecting Palmyra and Sura was built in AD 75. The Romans used Palmyrene soldiers, but (unlike typical Roman cities) no local magistrates or prefects are recorded in the city. Palmyra saw intensive construction during the first century, including the city&#39;s first walled fortifications, and the Temple of Bel (completed and dedicated in 32 AD). During the first century Palmyra developed from a minor desert caravan station into a leading trading center, with Palmyrene merchants establishing colonies in surrounding trade centers.</p><br>
<p>Palmyrene trade reached its apex during the second century, aided by two factors; the first was a trade route built by Palmyrenes, and protected by garrisons at major locations, including a garrison in Dura-Europos manned in 117 AD. The second was the Roman conquest of the Nabataean capital Petra in 106, shifting control over southern trade routes of the Arabian Peninsula from the Nabataeans to Palmyra.</p><br>
<p>In 129 Palmyra was visited by Hadrian, who named it "Hadriane Palmyra" and made it a free city. Hadrian promoted Hellenism throughout the empire, and Palmyras urban expansion was modeled on that of Greece. This led to new projects, including the theatre, the colonnade and the Temple of Nabu. Roman garrisons are first attested in Palmyra in 167, when the cavalry Ala I Thracum Herculiana was moved to the city. By the end of the second century, urban development diminished after the citys building projects peaked.</p><br>
<p>In the 190s, Palmyra was assigned to the province of Phoenice, newly created by the Severan dynasty. Toward the end of the second century, Palmyra began a steady transition from a traditional Greek city-state to a monarchy due to the increasing militarization of the city and the deteriorating economic situation; the Severan ascension to the imperial throne in Rome played a major role in Palmyra&#39;s transition:</p><br>
<p>The Severan-led Roman–Parthian War, from 194 to 217, influenced regional security and affected the city&#39;s trade. Bandits began attacking caravans by 199, leading Palmyra to strengthen its military presence.</p><br>
<p>The new dynasty favored the city, stationing the Cohors I Flavia Chalcidenorum garrison there by 206. Caracalla made Palmyra a colonia between 213 and 216, replacing many Greek institutions with Roman constitutional ones. Severus Alexander, emperor from 222 to 235, visited Palmyra in 229.</p><br>
<h4>Palmyrene kingdom</h4><br>
<p>The rise of the Sasanian Empire in Persia considerably damaged Palmyrene trade. The Sasanians disbanded Palmyrene colonies in their lands, and began a war against the Roman empire. In an inscription dated to 252 Odaenathus appears bearing the title of exarchos (lord) of Palmyra. The weakness of the Roman empire and the constant Persian danger were probably the reasons behind the Palmyrene councils decision to elect a lord for the city in order for him to lead a strengthened army. Odaenathus approached Shapur I of Persia to request him to guarantee Palmyrene interests in Persia, but was rebuffed. In 260 the Emperor Valerian fought Shapur at the Battle of Edessa, but was defeated and captured. One of Valerians officers, Macrianus Major, his sons Quietus and Macrianus, and the prefect Balista rebelled against Valerian&#39;s son Gallienus, usurping imperial power in Syria.</p><br>
<h4>=Persian wars=</h4><br>
<p>Odaenathus formed an army of Palmyrenes and Syrian peasants against Shapur. According to the Augustan History, Odaenathus declared himself king prior to the battle. The Palmyrene leader won a decisive victory near the banks of the Euphrates later in 260 forcing the Persians to retreat. In 261 Odaenathus marched against the remaining usurpers in Syria, defeating and killing Quietus and Balista. As a reward, he received the title Imperator Totius Orientis ("Governor of the East") from Gallienus, and ruled Syria, Mesopotamia, Arabia and Anatolias eastern regions as the imperial representative. Palmyra itself remained officially part of the empire but Palmyrene inscriptions started to describe it as a "metrocolonia", indicating that the citys status was higher than normal Roman colonias. In practice, Palmyra shifted from a provincial city to a de facto allied kingdom.</p><br>
<p>In 262 Odaenathus launched a new campaign against Shapur, reclaiming the rest of Roman Mesopotamia (most importantly, the cities of Nisibis and Carrhae), sacking the Jewish city of Nehardea, and besieging the Persian capital Ctesiphon. Following his victory, the Palmyrene monarch assumed the title King of Kings. Later, Odaenathus crowned his son Hairan I as co-King of Kings near Antioch in 263. Although he did not take the Persian capital, Odaenathus drove the Persians out of all Roman lands conquered since the beginning of Shapurs wars in 252. In a second campaign that took place in 266, the Palmyrene king reached Ctesiphon again; however, he had to left the siege and move north, accompanied by Hairan I, to repel Gothic attacks on Asia Minor. The king and his son were assassinated during their return in 267; according to the Augustan History and Joannes Zonaras, Odaenathus was killed by a cousin (Zonaras says nephew) named in the History as Maeonius. The Augustan History also says that Maeonius was proclaimed emperor for a brief period before being killed by the soldiers. However, no inscriptions or other evidence exist for Maeonius reign.</p><br>
<p>Odaenathus was succeeded by his son; the ten-year-old Vaballathus. Zenobia, the mother of the new king, was the de facto ruler and Vaballathus remained in her shadow while she consolidated her power. Gallienus dispatched his prefect Heraclian to command military operations against the Persians, but he was marginalized by Zenobia and returned to the West. The queen was careful not to provoke Rome, claiming for herself and her son the titles held by her husband while guaranteeing the safety of the borders with Persia and pacifying the Tanukhids in Hauran. To protect the borders with Persia, Zenobia fortified different settlements on the Euphrates including the citadels of Halabiye and Zalabiye. Circumstantial evidence exist for confrontations with the Sasanians; probably in 269 Vaballathus took the title Persicus Maximus ("The great victor in Persia") and the title might be linked with an unrecorded battle against a Persian army trying to regain control of Northern Mesopotamia.</p><br>
<h4>=Palmyrene empire=</h4><br>
<p>Zenobia began her military career in the spring of 270, during the reign of Claudius Gothicus. Under the pretext of attacking the Tanukhids, she conquered Roman Arabia. This was followed in October by an invasion of Egypt, ending with a Palmyrene victory and Zenobia&#39;s proclamation as queen of Egypt. Palmyra invaded Anatolia the following year, reaching Ankara and the pinnacle of its expansion.</p><br>
<p>The conquests were made behind a mask of subordination to Rome. Zenobia issued coins in the name of Claudius&#39; successor Aurelian, with Vaballathus depicted as king; since Aurelian was occupied with repelling insurgencies in Europe, he tolerated the Palmyrene coinage and encroachments. In late 271, Vaballathus and his mother assumed the titles of Augustus (emperor) and Augusta.</p><br>
<p>The following year, Aurelian crossed the Bosphorus and advanced quickly through Anatolia. According to one account, Roman general Marcus Aurelius Probus regained Egypt from Palmyra; Aurelian entered Issus and headed to Antioch, where he defeated Zenobia in the Battle of Immae. Zenobia was defeated again at the Battle of Emesa, taking refuge in Homs before quickly returning to her capital. When the Romans besieged Palmyra, Zenobia refused their order to surrender in person to the emperor. She escaped east to ask the Persians for help, but was captured by the Romans; the city capitulated soon afterwards.</p><br>
<h4>Later Roman and Byzantine periods</h4><br>
<p>Aurelian spared the city and stationed a garrison of 600 archers, led by Sandarion, as a peacekeeping force. In 273 Palmyra rebelled under the leadership of Septimius Apsaios, declaring Antiochus (a relative of Zenobia) as Augustus. Aurelian marched against Palmyra, razing it to the ground and seizing the most valuable monuments to decorate his Temple of Sol. Palmyrene buildings were smashed, residents massacred and the Temple of Bel pillaged.</p><br>
<p>Palmyra was reduced to a village and it largely disappeared from historical records of that period. Aurelian repaired the Temple of Bel, and the Legio I Illyricorum was stationed in the city. Shortly before 303 the Camp of Diocletian, a castra in the western part of the city, was built. The 4 hectare camp was a base for the Legio I Illyricorum, which guarded the trade routes around the city. Palmyra became a Christian city in the decades following its destruction by Aurelian. In late 527, Justinian I ordered its fortification and the restoration of its churches and public buildings to protect the empire against raids by Lakhmid king Al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu&#39;man.</p><br>
<h3>Arab caliphates</h3><br>
<p>Palmyra was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate after its 634 capture by the Muslim general Khalid ibn al-Walid, who took the city on his way to Damascus; an 18-day march by his army through the Syrian Desert from Mesopotamia. By then Palmyra was limited to the Diocletian camp. After the conquest, the city became part of Homs Province.</p><br>
<h4>Umayyad and early Abbasid periods</h4><br>
<p>Palmyra prospered as part of the Umayyad Caliphate, and its population grew. It was a key stop on the East-West trade route, with a large souq (market), built by the Umayyads, who also commissioned part of the Temple of Bel as a mosque. During this period, Palmyra was a stronghold of the Banu Kalb tribe. After being defeated by Marwan II during a civil war in the caliphate, Umayyad contender Sulayman ibn Hisham fled to the Banu Kalb in Palmyra, but eventually pledged allegiance to Marwan in 744; Palmyra continued to oppose Marwan until the surrender of the Banu Kalb leader al-Abrash al-Kalbi in 745. That year, Marwan ordered the city&#39;s walls demolished.</p><br>
<p>In 750 a revolt, led by Majza&#39;a ibn al-Kawthar and Umayyad pretender Abu Muhammad al-Sufyani, against the new Abbasid Caliphate swept across Syria; the tribes in Palmyra supported the rebels. After his defeat Abu Muhammad took refuge in the city, which withstood an Abbasid assault long enough to allow him to escape.</p><br>
<h4>Decentralization</h4><br>
<p>Abbasid power dwindled during the 10th century, when the empire disintegrated and was divided among a number of vassals. Most of the new rulers acknowledged the caliph as their nominal sovereign, a situation which continued until the Mongol destruction of the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.</p><br>
<p>In 955 Sayf al-Dawla, the Hamdanid prince of Aleppo, defeated the nomads near the city, and built a kasbah (fortress) in response to campaigns by the Byzantine emperors Nikephoros II Phokas and John I Tzimiskes. After the early-11th-century Hamdanid collapse, the region of Homs was controlled by the successor Mirdasid dynasty. Earthquakes devastated Palmyra in 1068 and 1089. In the 1070s Syria was conquered by the Seljuk Empire, and in 1082, the district of Homs came under the control of Khalaf, the head of the Malaib tribe. The aforementioned was a brigand and was removed and imprisoned in 1090 by the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah I. Khalafs lands were given to Malik-Shahs brother, Tutush I, who gained his independence after his brothers 1092 death and established a cadet branch of the Seljuk dynasty in Syria.</p><br>
<p>During the early 12th century Palmyra was ruled by Toghtekin, the Burid atabeg of Damascus, who appointed his nephew governor. Toghtekins nephew was killed by rebels, and the atabeg retook the city in 1126. Palmyra was given to Toghtekins grandson, Shihab-ud-din Mahmud, who was replaced by governor Yusuf ibn Firuz when Shihab-ud-din Mahmud returned to Damascus after his father Taj al-Muluk Buri succeeded Toghtekin. The Burids transformed the Temple of Bel into a citadel in 1132, fortifying the city, and transferring it to the Bin Qaraja family three years later in exchange for Homs.</p><br>
<p>During the mid-12th century, Palmyra was ruled by the Zengid king Nur ad-Din Mahmud. It became part of the district of Homs, which was given as a fiefdom to the Ayyubid general Shirkuh in 1168 and confiscated after his death in 1169. Homs region was conquered by the Ayyubid sultanate in 1174; the following year, Saladin gave Homs (including Palmyra) to his cousin Nasir al-Din Muhammad as a fiefdom. After Saladins death, the Ayyubid realm was divided and Palmyra was given to Nasir al-Din Muhammads son Al-Mujahid Shirkuh II (who built the castle of Palmyra known as Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle around 1230). Five years earlier, Syrian geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi described Palmyra&#39;s residents as living in "a castle surrounded by a stone wall".</p><br>
<h3>Mamluk period</h3><br>
<p>Palmyra was used as a refuge by Shirkuh II&#39;s grandson, al-Ashraf Musa, who allied himself with the Mongol king Hulagu Khan and fled after the Mongol defeat in the 1260 Battle of Ain Jalut against the Mamluks. Al-Ashraf Musa asked the Mamluk sultan Qutuz for pardon and was accepted as a vassal. Al-Ashraf Musa died in 1263 without an heir, bringing the Homs district under direct Mamluk rule.</p><br>
<h4>Al Fadl principality</h4><br>
<p>The Al Fadl clan (a branch of the Tayy tribe) were loyal to the Mamluks, and in 1281, Prince Issa bin Muhanna of the Al Fadl was appointed lord of Palmyra by sultan Qalawun. Issa was succeeded in 1284 by his son Muhanna bin Issa who was imprisoned by sultan al-Ashraf Khalil in 1293, and restored two years later by sultan al-Adil Kitbugha. Muhanna declared his loyalty to Öljaitü of the Ilkhanate in 1312 and was dismissed and replaced with his brother Fadl by sultan an-Nasir Muhammad. Although Muhanna was forgiven by an-Nasir and restored in 1317, he and his tribe were expelled in 1320 for his continued relations with the Ilkhanate, and he was replaced by tribal chief Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr.</p><br>
<p>Muhanna was forgiven and restored by an-Nasir in 1330; he remained loyal to the sultan until his death in 1335, when he was succeeded by his son. Contemporary historian Ibn Fadlallah al-Omari described the city as having "vast gardens, flourishing trades and bizarre monuments". The Al Fadl clan protected the trade routes and villages from Bedouin raids, raiding other cities and fighting among themselves. The Mamluks intervened militarily several times, dismissing, imprisoning or expelling its leaders. In 1400 Palmyra was attacked by Timur; the Fadl prince Nuair escaped the battle and later fought Jakam, the sultan of Aleppo. Nuair was captured, taken to Aleppo and executed in 1406; this, according to Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, ended the Al Fadl clan&#39;s power.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman era and later periods</h3><br>
<p>Syria became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1516, and Palmyra was a center of an administrative district (sanjak). During the Ottoman era, Palmyra was a small village in the courtyard of the Temple of Bel. After 1568 the Ottomans appointed the Lebanese prince Ali bin Musa Harfush as governor of Palmyra&#39;s sanjak, dismissing him in 1584 for treason.</p><br>
<p>In 1630 Palmyra came under the authority of another Lebanese prince, Fakhr-al-Din II, who renovated Shirkuh II&#39;s castle (which became known as Fakhr-al-Din al-Maani Castle). The prince fell from grace with the Ottomans in 1633 and lost control of the village, which remained a separate sanjak until it was absorbed by Zor Sanjak in 1857. The village became home to an Ottoman garrison to control the Bedouin in 1867.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, as World War I was ending, the Royal Air Force built an airfield for two planes, and in November the Ottomans retreated from Zor Sanjak without a fight. The Syrian Emirates army entered Deir ez-Zor on 4 December, and Zor Sanjak became part of Syria. In 1919, as the British and French argued over the borders of the planned mandates, the British permanent military representative to the Supreme War Council Henry Wilson suggested adding Palmyra to the British mandate. However, the British general Edmund Allenby persuaded his government to abandon this plan. Syria (including Palmyra) became part of the French Mandate after Syrias defeat in the Battle of Maysalun on 24 July 1920.</p><br>
<p>As Palmyra gained importance to French efforts to pacify the Syrian Desert, a base was constructed in the village near the Temple of Bel in 1921. In 1929 the general director of antiquities in Syria, Henri Arnold Seyrig, began excavating the ruins and convinced the villagers to move to a new, French-built village next to the site. The relocation was completed in 1932; ancient Palmyra was ready for excavation as its villagers settled into the new village of Tadmur. During World War II, the Mandate came under the authority of Vichy France, who gave permission to Nazi Germany to use the airfield at Palmyra; forces of Free France, backed by British forces, invaded Syria in June 1941, and on 3 July 1941, the British took control over the city in the aftermath of a battle.</p><br>
<h4>Syrian Civil War</h4><br>
<p>As a result of the Syrian Civil War, Palmyra experienced widespread looting and damage by combatants. In 2013, the façade of the Temple of Bel sustained a large hole from mortar fire, and colonnade columns have been damaged by shrapnel. According to Maamoun Abdulkarim, the Syrian Army positioned its troops in some archaeological-site areas, while Syrian opposition fighters positioned themselves in gardens around the city.</p><br>
<p>On 13 May 2015, ISIL launched an attack on the modern town of Tadmur, sparking fears that the iconoclastic group would destroy the adjacent ancient site of Palmyra. On 21 May, some artifacts were transported from the Palmyra museum to Damascus for safekeeping; a number of Greco-Roman busts, jewelry, and other objects looted from the museum have been found on the international market. ISIL forces entered Palmyra the same day. Local residents reported that the Syrian air force bombed the site on 13 June, damaging the northern wall close to the Temple of Baalshamin. Palmyras theatre was used as a place of public executions of ISIL opponents; videos were released by ISIL showing the killing of Syrian prisoners in front of crowds. On 18 August, Palmyras retired antiquities chief Khaled al-Asaad was beheaded by ISIL after being tortured for a month to extract information about the city and its treasures; al-Asaad refused to give any information to his captors.</p><br>
<p>Syrian government forces supported by Russian airstrikes recaptured Palmyra on 27 March 2016 after intense fighting against ISIL fighters. According to initial reports, the damage to the archaeological site was less extensive than anticipated, with numerous structures still standing. Following the recapture of the city, Russian de-mining teams began clearing mines planted by ISIL prior to their retreat. Following heavy fighting, ISIL reportedly reoccupied the city on 11 December 2016, prompting an offensive by the Syrian Army which retook the city on 2 March 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>From the beginning of its history to the first century AD Palmyra was a petty sheikhdom, and by the first century BC a Palmyrene identity began to develop. During the first half of the first century AD, Palmyra incorporated some of the institutions of a Greek city (polis); the concept of citizenship (demos) appears in an inscription, dated to AD 10, describing the Palmyrenes as a community. In AD 74, an inscription mentions the city&#39;s boule (senate). The tribal role in Palmyra is debated; during the first century, four treasurers representing the four tribes seems to have partially controlled the administration but their role became ceremonial by the second century and power rested in the hands of the council.</p><br>
<p>The Palmyrene council consisted of about six hundred members of the local elite (such as the elders or heads of wealthy families or clans), representing the citys four-quarters. The council, headed by a president, managed civic responsibilities; it supervised public works (including the construction of public buildings), approved expenditures, collected taxes, and appointed two archons (lords) each year. Palmyras military was led by strategoi (generals) appointed by the council. Roman provincial authority set and approved Palmyras tariff structure, but the provincial interference in local government was kept minimal as the empire sought to ensure the continuous success of Palmyrene trade most beneficial to Rome. An imposition of direct provincial administration would have jeopardized Palmyras ability to conduct its trading activities in the East, especially in Parthia.</p><br>
<p>With the elevation of Palmyra to a colonia around 213–216, the city ceased being subject to Roman provincial governors and taxes. Palmyra incorporated Roman institutions into its system while keeping many of its former ones. The council remained, and the strategos designated one of two annually-elected magistrates. This duumviri implemented the new colonial constitution, replacing the archons. Palmyras political scene changed with the rise of Odaenathus and his family; an inscription dated to 251 describes Odaenathus son Hairan I as "Ras" (lord) of Palmyra (exarch in the Greek section of the inscription) and another inscription dated to 252 describes Odaenathus with the same title. Odaenathus was probably elected by the council as exarch, which was an unusual title in the Roman empire and was not part of the traditional Palmyrene governance institutions. Whether Odaenathus title indicated a military or a priestly position is unknown, but the military role is more likely. By 257 Odaenathus was known as a consularis, possibly the legatus of the province of Phoenice. In 258 Odaenathus began extending his political influence, taking advantage of regional instability caused by Sasanian aggression; this culminated in the Battle of Edessa, Odaenathus royal elevation and mobilization of troops, which made Palmyra a kingdom.</p><br>
<p>The monarchy continued most civic institutions, but the duumviri and the council were no longer attested after 264; Odaenathus appointed a governor for the city. In the absence of the monarch, the city was administered by a viceroy. Although governors of the eastern Roman provinces under Odaenathus control were still appointed by Rome, the king had overall authority. During Zenobias rebellion, governors were appointed by the queen. Not all Palmyrenes accepted the dominion of the royal family; a senator, Septimius Haddudan, appears in a later Palmyrene inscription as aiding Aurelian&#39;s armies during the 273 rebellion. After the Roman destruction of the city, Palmyra was ruled directly by Rome, and then by a succession of other rulers, including the Burids and Ayyubids, and subordinate Bedouin chiefs—primarily the Fadl family, who governed for the Mamluks.</p><br>
<h3>Military</h3><br>
<p>Due to its military character and efficiency in battle, Palmyra was described by Irfan Shahîd as the "Sparta among the cities of the Orient, Arab and other, and even its gods were represented dressed in military uniforms." Palmyras army protected the city and its economy, helping extend Palmyrene authority beyond the city walls and protecting the countrysides desert trade routes. The city had a substantial military; Zabdibel commanded a force of 10,000 in the third century BC, and Zenobia led an army of 70,000 in the Battle of Emesa. Soldiers were recruited from the city and its territories, spanning several thousand square kilometers from the outskirts of Homs to the Euphrates valley. Non-Palmyrene soldiers were also recruited; a Nabatean cavalryman is recorded in 132 as serving in a Palmyrene unit stationed at Anah. Palmyra&#39;s recruiting system is unknown; the city might have selected and equipped the troops and the strategoi led, trained and disciplined them.</p><br>
<p>The strategoi were appointed by the council with the approval of Rome. The royal army in the mid 3rd century AD was under the leadership of the monarch aided by generals, and was modeled on the Sasanians in arms and tactics. The Palmyrenes were noted archers. They used infantry while a heavily armored cavalry (clibanarii) constituted the main attacking force. Palmyra&#39;s infantry was armed with swords, lances and small round shields; the clibanarii were fully armored (including their horses), and used heavy spears (kontos) 3.65 m long without shields.</p><br>
<h4>Relations with Rome</h4><br>
<p>Citing the Palmyrenes combat skills in large, sparsely populated areas, the Romans formed a Palmyrene auxilia to serve in the Imperial Roman army. Vespasian reportedly had 8,000 Palmyrene archers in Judea, and Trajan established the first Palmyrene Auxilia in 116 (a camel cavalry unit, Ala I Ulpia dromedariorum Palmyrenorum). Palmyrene units were deployed throughout the Roman Empire, serving in Dacia late in Hadrians reign, and at El Kantara in Numidia and Moesia under Antoninus Pius. During the late second century Rome formed the Cohors XX Palmyrenorum, which was stationed in Dura-Europos.</p><br>
<h2>Religion</h2><br>
<p>Palmyras gods were primarily part of the northwestern Semitic pantheon, with the addition of gods from the Mesopotamian and Arab pantheons. The citys chief pre-Hellenistic deity was called Bol, an abbreviation of Baal (a northwestern Semitic honorific). The Babylonian cult of Bel-Marduk influenced the Palmyrene religion and by 217 BC the chief deity&#39;s name was changed to Bel. This did not indicate the replacing of the northwestern Semitic Bol with a Mesopotamian deity, but was a mere change in the name.</p><br>
<p>Second in importance after the supreme deity, were over sixty ancestral gods of the Palmyrene clans. Palmyra had unique deities, such as the god of justice and Efqa&#39;s guardian Yarhibol, the sun god Malakbel, and the moon god Aglibol. Palmyrenes worshiped regional deities, including the greater Levantine gods Astarte, Baal-hamon, Baalshamin and Atargatis; the Babylonian gods Nabu and Nergal, and the Arab Azizos, Arsu, Šams and Al-lāt.</p><br>
<p>The deities worshiped in the countryside were depicted as camel or horse riders and bore Arab names. The nature of those deities is uncertain as only names are known, most importantly Abgal. The Palmyrene pantheon included ginnaye (some were given the designation "Gad"), a group of lesser deities popular in the countryside, who were similar to the Arab jinn and the Roman genius. Ginnaye were believed to have the appearance and behavior of humans, similar to Arab jinn. Unlike jinn, however, the ginnaye could not possess or injure humans. Their role was similar to the Roman genius: tutelary deities who guarded individuals and their caravans, cattle and villages.</p><br>
<p>Although the Palmyrenes worshiped their deities as individuals, some were associated with other gods. Bel had Astarte-Belti as his consort, and formed a triple deity with Aglibol and Yarhibol (who became a sun god in his association with Bel). Malakbel was part of many associations, pairing with Gad Taimi and Aglibol, and forming a triple deity with Baalshamin and Aglibol. Palmyra hosted an Akitu (spring festival) each Nisan. Each of the citys four-quarters had a sanctuary for a deity considered ancestral to the resident tribe; Malakbel and Aglibols sanctuary was in the Komare quarter. The Baalshamin sanctuary was in the Mazin quarter, the Arsu sanctuary in the Mattabol quarter, and the Atargatis sanctuary in the fourth tribes quarter.</p><br>
<p>The priests of Palmyra were selected from the citys leading families, and are recognized in busts through their headdresses which have the shape of a polos adorned with laurel wreath or other tree made of bronze among other elements. The high priest of Bels temple was the highest religious authority and headed the clergy of priests who were organized into collegia each headed by a higher priest. The personals of Efqa springs sanctuary dedicated to Yarhibol belonged to a special class of priests as they were oracles. Palmyras paganism was replaced with Christianity as the religion spread across the Roman Empire, and a bishop was reported in the city by 325. Although most temples became churches, the Temple of Al-lāt was destroyed in 385 at the order of Maternus Cynegius (the eastern praetorian prefect). After the Muslim conquest in 634 Islam gradually replaced Christianity, and the last known bishop of Palmyra was consecrated in 818.</p><br>
<h3>Malakbel and the Roman Sol Invictus</h3><br>
<p>In 274, following his victory over Palmyra, Aurelian dedicated a large temple of Sol Invictus in Rome; most scholars consider Aurelian’s Sol Invictus to be of Syrian origin, either a continuation of emperor Elagabalus cult of Sol Invictus Elagabalus, or Malakbel of Palmyra. The Palmyrene deity was commonly identified with the Roman god Sol and he had a temple dedicated for him on the right bank of the Tiber since the second century. Also, he bore the epithet Invictus and was known with the name Sol "Sanctissimus", the latter was an epithet Aurelian bore on an inscription from Capena.</p><br>
<p>The position of the Palmyrene deity as Aurelians Sol Invictus is inferred from a passage by Zosimus reading: "and the magnificent temple of the sun he (i.e. Aurelian) embellished with votive gifts from Palmyra, setting up statues of Helios and Bel". Three deities from Palmyra exemplified solar features: Malakbel, Yarhibol and Shamash, hence the identification of the Palmyrene Helios appearing in Zosimus work with Malakbel. Some scholars criticize the notion of Malakbels identification with Sol Invictus; according to Gaston Halsberghe, the cult of Malakbel was too local for it to become an imperial Roman god and Aurelians restoration of Bel&#39;s temple and sacrifices dedicated to Malakbel were a sign of his attachment to the sun god in general and his respect to the many ways in which the deity was worshiped. Richard Stoneman suggested another approach in which Aurelian simply borrowed the imagery of Malakbel to enhance his own solar deity. The relation between Malakbel and Sol Invictus can not be confirmed and will probably remain unresolved.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Palmyra&#39;s economy before and at the beginning of the Roman period was based on agriculture, pastoralism, trade, and serving as a rest station for the caravans which sporadically crossed the desert. By the end of the first century BC, the city had a mixed economy based on agriculture, pastoralism, taxation, and, most importantly, the caravan trade. Taxation was an important source of revenue for the Palmyrene government. Caravaneers paid taxes in the building known as the Tariff Court, where a tax law dating to AD 137 was exhibited. The law regulated the tariffs paid by the merchants for goods sold at the internal market or exported from the city.</p><br>
<p>Classlcist Andrew M. Smith II suggests most land in Palmyra was owned by the city, which collected grazing taxes. The oasis had about 1,000 hectare of irrigable land, which surrounded the city. The Palmyrenes constructed an extensive irrigation system in the northern mountains that consisted of reservoirs and channels to capture and store the occasional rainfall. The most notable irrigation work is Harbaqa Dam which was constructed in the late first century AD; it is located 48 km southwest of the city and can collect 140,000 m&sup3; of water. The countryside was intensively planted with olive, fig, pistachio and barley. However, agriculture could not support the population and food was imported.</p><br>
<p>After Palmyras destruction in 273, it became a market for villagers and nomads from the surrounding area. The city regained some of its prosperity during the Umayyad era, indicated by the discovery of a large Umayyad souq in the colonnaded street. Palmyra was a minor trading center until its destruction in 1400; according to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi, Timurs men took 200,000 sheep, and the city was reduced into a settlement on the desert border whose inhabitants herded and cultivated small plots for vegetables and corn.</p><br>
<h3>Commerce</h3><br>
<p>During the first centuries AD, Palmyra&#39;s main trade route ran east to the Euphrates where it connected at the city of Hīt. The route then ran south along the river toward the port of Charax Spasinu on the Persian Gulf, where Palmyrene ships traveled back and forth to India. Goods were imported from India, China and Transoxiana, and exported west to Emesa (or Antioch) then the Mediterranean ports, from which they were distributed throughout the Roman Empire. In addition to the usual route some Palmyrene merchants used the Red Sea, probably as a result of the Roman–Parthian Wars. Goods were carried overland from the seaports to a Nile port, and then taken to the Egyptian Mediterranean ports for export. Inscriptions attesting a Palmyrene presence in Egypt date to the reign of Hadrian.</p><br>
<p>Since Palmyra was not on the main trading route (which followed the Euphrates), the Palmyrenes secured the desert route passing their city. They connected it to the Euphrates valley, providing water and shelter. The Palmyrene route connected the Silk Road with the Mediterranean, and was used almost exclusively by the city&#39;s merchants, who maintained a presence in many cities, including Dura-Europos in 33 BC, Babylon by AD 19, Seleucia by AD 24, Dendera, Coptos, Bahrain, the Indus River Delta, Merv and Rome.</p><br>
<p>The caravan trade depended on patrons and merchants. Patrons owned the land on which the caravan animals were raised, providing animals and guards for the merchants. The lands were located in the numerous villages of the Palmyrene countryside. Although merchants used the patrons to conduct business, their roles often overlapped and a patron would sometimes lead a caravan. Commerce made Palmyra and its merchants among the wealthiest in the region. Some caravans were financed by a single merchant, such as Male Agrippa (who financed Hadrians visit in 129 and the 139 rebuilding of the Temple of Bel). The primary income-generating trade good was silk, which was exported from the East to the West. Other exported goods included jade, muslin, spices, ebony, ivory and precious stones. For its domestic market Palmyra imported variety of goods including slaves, prostitutes, olive oil, dyed goods, myrrh and perfume.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>Palmyra was visited by travelers such as Pietro Della Valle (between 1616 and 1625), Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (in 1638) and many Swedish and German explorers. In 1678 a group of English merchants visited the city, and its first scholarly description appeared in a 1696 book by Abednego Seller. In 1751, an expedition led by Robert Wood and James Dawkins studied Palmyra&#39;s architecture. French artist and architect Louis-François Cassas conducted an extensive survey of the city’s monuments in 1785, publishing over a hundred drawings of Palmyra’s civic buildings and tombs. Visits by travelers and antiquarians continued, including one made by Lady Hester Stanhope in 1813, and another by Lady Strangford in 1862. Palmrya was photographed for the first time in 1864 by Louis Vignes.</p><br>
<p>In 1882, the "Palmyrene Tariff", an inscribed stone slab from AD 137 in Greek and Palmyrene detailing import and export taxation, was discovered by prince Semyon Semyonovich Abamelik-Lazarev in the Tariff Court. It has been described by historian John F. Matthews as "one of the most important single items of evidence for the economic life of any part of the Roman Empire". In 1901, the slab was gifted by the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II to the Russian Tsar and is now in the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.</p><br>
<p>Palmyras first excavations were conducted in 1902 by Otto Puchstein and in 1917 by Theodor Wiegand. In 1929, French general director of antiquities of Syria and Lebanon Henri Arnold Seyrig began large-scale excavation of the site; interrupted by World War II, it resumed soon after the wars end. Seyrig started with the Temple of Bel in 1929 and between 1939 and 1940 he excavated the Agora. Daniel Schlumberger conducted excavations in the Palmyrene northwest countryside in 1934 and 1935 where he studied different local sanctuaries in the Palmyrene villages. From 1954 to 1956, a Swiss expedition organized by UNESCO excavated the Temple of Baalshamin. Since 1958, the site has been excavated by the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities, and Polish expeditions led by many archaeologists including Kazimierz Michałowski (until 1980) and Michael Gawlikowski (until 2011). The stratigraphic sounding beneath the Temple of Bel was conducted in 1967 by Robert du Mesnil du Buisson, who also discovered the Temple of Baal-hamon in the 1970s.</p><br>
<p>The Polish expedition concentrated its work in the Camp of Diocletian while the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities excavated the Temple of Nabu. Most of the hypogea were excavated jointly by the Polish expedition and the Syrian Directorate, while the area of Efqa was excavated by Jean Starcky and Jafar al-Hassani. The Palmyrene irrigation system was discovered in 2008 by Jørgen Christian Meyer who researched the Palmyrene countryside through ground inspections and satellite images. Most of Palmyra still remains unexplored especially the residential quarters in the north and south while the necropolis has been thoroughly excavated by the Directorate and the Polish expedition. Excavation expeditions left Palmyra in 2011 due to the Syrian Civil War.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the historic site including the necropolis outside the walls was declared a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO. In November 2010 the Austrian media manager Helmut Thoma admitted looting a Palmyrene grave in 1980, stealing architectural pieces for his home; German and Austrian archaeologists protested against the theft.</p><br>
<p>The Winona Lake Historic District is located along the Eastern shore of Winona Lake in Kosciusko County, Indiana. Historically, it is perhaps best known as a major center within the evangelical Bible Conference Movement during the first half of the twentieth century, though these gatherings were just one part of the larger history of the town of Winona Lake, an area which has been a Chautauqua site, resort spot, and conference center. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Kosciusko County, Indiana since 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Chautauqua era origins</h2><br>
<p>In 1888, J. F. Beyer purchased the area that surrounded the eastern side of what was then known as Eagle Lake. Beyer, along with his brothers, owned a wholesale dairy business in nearby Warsaw, Indiana, and were attracted to the 160 acre tract because of the many artesian springs that could provide a means of natural refrigeration.</p><br>
<p>The Beyer Brothers had additional plans for their property, however, and they founded Spring Fountain Park as a summer resort and Chautauqua site. The Park included such attractions as a race track, a modest roller coaster and cyclorama. A hotel was built, as well as an auditorium, which was used for programs and lectures. The first program included a keynote lecture from John Heyl Vincent, a co-founder of the original Chautauqua Institution in western New York.</p><br>
<p>The grounds changed ownership in 1894 when The Presbyterian Church of Indiana purchased the land, a transaction that was negotiated by Solomon C. Dickey. Dickey was then serving as the superintendent of Home Missions for the Indiana synod and would become an honored figure in Winona Lake. Dickey changed the name of the lake and established the Winona Assembly and Summer School in 1895. Although Chautauqua sites often included religious elements, Dickey was intent on bringing a stronger religious feel to the Winona programs and Bible conferences were begun immediately in 1896.</p><br>
<p>Several notable persons held the position of president of the "Assembly," including H. J. Heinz and John Studebaker. Well known evangelists including J. Wilbur Chapman and William Biederwolf served as heads of the Bible conferences. Many performers and lecturers included Winona Lake in their Chautauqua "circuits," including Benjamin Harrison, William Jennings Bryan, Admiral Richard Byrd, Glenn Curtiss, Helen Keller, Will Rogers, James Whitcomb Riley, and Jane Addams among others. In 1911, the sensational evangelist Billy Sunday moved his family to Winona Lake, building an Arts and Crafts bungalow that has been preserved as the Billy Sunday Historic Home. Sunday&#39;s song leader, Homer Rodeheaver, soon relocated to Winona Lake as well. Numerous small summer schools were also established.</p><br>
<h2>Bible conference hub</h2><br>
<p>During its Chautauqua height around 1910, crowds averaged 250,000 annually but by 1915, attendance was in decline. As the fuller Chautauqua-type programming declined, the Bible and prophecy conferences remained strong and became the hall-mark of Winona Lake. These gatherings also reflected a turn toward fundamentalism and Premillennial Dispensationalism, though Winona Lake remained a central hub for a wide variety of evangelical leaders and activities. Youth for Christ, for example, was founded in Winona Lake in 1944 and Billy Graham spoke in the Billy Sunday Tabernacle in 1949. Graham and other Youth for Christ leaders held an all-night prayer vigil in the Westminster Hotel shortly before Grahams Los Angeles crusade and this is remembered by Winona Lake locals as something that helped launch Grahams career. By the 1960s, the "Assembly" had had several rounds of financial pressures and even the Bible Conferences were dwindling. In 1968, the grounds were purchased by Grace College and Theological Seminary and the school also assumed the assembly&#39;s heavy debts.</p><br>
<h2>Community renaissance</h2><br>
<p>During the 1980s, as the older buildings and facilities continued to decline, the historic district became known for its dilapidated condition. The town experienced a renaissance in 2000, however, when local business leaders invested the heavy resources needed to create and other recreational and local initiatives. The effort included the restoration of historic buildings, the creation of small shops along the canal, cultural events, formation of the Reneker Museum of Winona History (Now ) and the promotion of outdoor leisure and recreation. Although these efforts took place between 1998 and 2000, members of the Winona Historical Society had been raising awareness and taking small steps since at least 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Remaining historic buildings</h2><br>
<p>The Winona Hotel (originally called Eagle Lake Hotel)</p><br>
<p>Westminster Hall (Formerly known as the Presbyterian Building, The Westminster Hotel and the International Friendship House)</p><br>
<p>Mount Memorial (Originally called the Free Methodist Publishing House)</p><br>
<p>Billy Sunday Historic Home</p><br>
<p>The Franconia (Home)</p><br>
<p>The Administration Building</p><br>
<p>The Beyer Home</p><br>
<p>Killarney Castle (Solomon Dickey&#39;s home)</p><br>
<p>The Railroad Power Station</p><br>
<p>Church of the Good Shepherd</p><br>
<p>Winona Lake Free Methodist Church</p><br>
<p>Swiss Terrace Homes (The Geneva, Interlaken)</p><br>
<p>ZB Frathouse</p><br>
<p>The Lookout</p><br>
<p>The Old San Antonio Hospital is a historic building located at 792 West Arrow Highway in Upland, California. Built in 1907, the building served as Uplands first hospital. Prominent Southern California architect Myron Hunt designed the building, which makes extensive use of riverbed rock, a common local building material. The buildings design features an entrance portico with stone columns, French doors along the length of the south wall, projecting eaves with carved beams, and three gable roofs extending from a central hip roof. The building served as Upland&#39;s only hospital until 1924, when a newer hospital replaced it; it functioned as a resort for the next eleven years and has since been used by various religious organizations.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 2, 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Pierceton Historic District encompasses the central business district of a small community in east central Kosciusko County, Indiana. It is next to the former Pennsylvania Railroad line. The design, setting, materials, workmanship and association between buildings give a sense of the history and architecture of a small town main street.</p><br>
<p>The development of most towns in the county is linked to the growth of the railroads. Pierceton was first platted by Lewis Keith and John B. Chapman in 1852 at the proposed location of the new Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad right-of-way, 1.5 m west of modern Pierceton. The town was re-charted in 1853 once the final railroad location was established. Pierceton was named President Franklin Pierce. It soon followed by Etna Green in 1853 and Atwood in 1857.</p><br>
<p>The Pierceton Historic District is a collection of brick, one- and two-story buildings that stretch along both sides of First Street from the railroad tracks, one and one half blocks south to Catholic Street. Freestanding buildings such as the old Depot and the Carnegie Library, are found at the north and south ends of the district. However, the majority of the buildings form a consistent façade along the one hundred block of North First Street. The street grid has a regular north–south pattern with the exception of East Market Street. An 1895 fire left the west side of North First Street south of Market leveled, therefore those buildings all date from after that time.</p><br>
<h2>Significant Buildings</h2><br>
<p>East Market Street</p><br>
<p>Pennsylvania Railroad Depot; Italianate, 1867 (O) The depot has a rectangular plan with its long axis parallel to the tracks. A raised stone foundation is visible around the perimeter of the building. The -story building has a gabled, slate roof with wide overhangs supported by large brackets that rest on pilasters. The gable ends are distinguished with a decorative brickwork entablature and a group of three round-arched window openings at the upper level. Flat-arched window and door openings are scattered around the first floor, with a cargo openings on the north and south sides. The interior retains the original with wood flooring and exposed wood rafters.</p><br>
<p>West Market Street</p><br>
<p>Commercial Building; Twentieth Century Functional, c.1920 (C)</p><br>
<p>East Market Street</p><br>
<p>102- Commercial Building; Twentieth Century Functional, c.1950 (NC)</p><br>
<p>110- Flat Iron Hotel; Italianate, c.1880 (C) Across from the Depot is the former Flat Iron Hotel. Contemporary to the Depot, it is the oldest surviving commercial building in the district. Three large, round-arched openings remain on the first floor main or north facade and are reminiscent of the days when the building housed the town&#39;s post office, an office, and other commercial uses. The main facade is enhanced by ornate brickwork on the cornice. Detailed brick pavers form the sidewalk in front of the building.</p><br>
<p>West Catholic Street</p><br>
<p>106- Liefer Building; Twentieth Century Functional, 1909 (C) The Leifer Building is a former bakery and marble works shop. It reflects a small commercial and manufacturing facility. A pseudostone façade had been placed on the ground level. The original brick is visible on the upper foors. The name and date are displayed on the cornice.</p><br>
<p>Pierceton & Washington Township Carnegie Library; Craftsman, 1916-1918 (O)</p><br>
<p>The Arts and Crafts style Pierceton Carnegie Library is a one-story on a raised basement with a hipped roof. The library has a concrete foundation, scored brick walls with stone trim, and exposed wood roof rafters. The main entrance is a trimmed in stone with a wood and glass door set with multi-paned sidelights and a transom. The interior retains many original details, such as, dark wood trim, a coffered ceiling, original desks, tables, chairs, and shelving.</p><br>
<p>North First Street</p><br>
<p>103- Commercial Building; Italianate, c.1890 (C)</p><br>
<p>104- American Legion Post; Twentieth Century Functional, c.1940 (C)</p><br>
<p>The American Legion Post was a 1920s addition to a, circa 1910 automobile garage. Its glazed concrete block facade is characteristic.</p><br>
<p>106- Pierceton Masonic Lodge; Neoclassical, c.1930 (Frank Logan, architect) (N)</p><br>
<p>The Pierceton Masonic Lodge was completed after World War II. It was built from brick pavers taken from First Street, with a limestone a Neoclassical facade. The symmetrical facade has a central round-arched with wood and glass door, sidelights and transoms, and two window openings. A cast iron light stanchion flanks each side of the main door. The interior has a barrel vaulted meeting room.</p><br>
<p>118- Pierceton I.O.O.F. Building; Italianate, 122 c.1915 (N) The former Odd fellows Building has a largely intact, cast iron storefront. The lodge room is on the second floor. The room has much of its original detail including pressed metal ceiling and cove molding in a floral pattern, wood flooring, a wood speakers&#39; platform, and anterooms.</p><br>
<p>128- Commercial Building; Contemporary, c.1950 (C)</p><br>
<p>130- Commercial Building; Italianate, c.1890 (N) The building has ornate, pressed metal window hoods over the second floor, flat-arched windows and retains all the elements of its cast iron storefront. The building once had finials and pediments on top of the cornice, which have since disappeared. The interior has historic counters and shelving in the first floor yard goods store, and a stair and freight elevator at the rear.</p><br>
<p>136- Commercial Building; Italianate, 140 c.1900 (C)</p><br>
<p>South First Street</p><br>
<p>117-119 Commercial Building; Italianate, 119 c.1900 (C) The Leeland Hotel has an intact floor plan on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>121- Commercial Building; Nineteenth 123 Century Functional, c. 1900 (C)</p><br>
<p>125- Commercial Building; Indeterminate, 127 Indeterminate (NC)</p><br>
<p>129- Commercial Building; Italianate, c. 1900 (C)</p><br>
<p>133- Commercial Building; Twentieth</p><br>
<p>137- Century Functional, c. 1920 (C)</p><br>
<p>139- Commercial Building; Italianate, c. 1900 (C) This building has an intact, cast-iron storefront, flat-arched window openings on the second floor, and original interior wood window trim.</p><br>
<p>201- Commercial Building; Italianate, c. 1890 (C) This building was altered in the 1920s for a gas station. The cornice was applied to the new contour. The original round-arched windows with wood-frame and two-over-two windows are visible the sides and back of the building.</p><br>
<p>203- Record Building; Italianate, 1898 (N) The Record" Building has its name and construction date of "1898" affixed to the brick cornice in raised metal letters. This building also has an intact cast-iron storefront.</p><br>
<p>PHD 106 N 1st Masonic Lodge P2130261.jpg106 N 1st Masonic Lodge, Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>PHD 117-119 First Street Leeland Hotel P2130260.jpg117-119 First Street Leeland Hotel, Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>PHD 130 First Street P2130248.jpg130 First Street, Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>PHD 136-140 First Street P2130245.jpg136-140 First Street, Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>PHD Depot PC110122.jpgOld Pennsylvania Depot, Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>PHD First Street (IOOF) P2130236.jpgFirst Street (IOOF), Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>PHD P& Washington Twnshp Carnegie Library P2130252.jpgP& Washington Twnshp Carnegie Library, Pierceton, Indiana</p><br>
<p>Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Brevard, Transylvania County, North Carolina. It encompasses 32 contributing buildings in the central business district of Brevard. The district developed between about 1874 and 1952 and includes notable examples of Early Commercial, Second Empire, and Classical Revival style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed McMinn Building and Transylvania County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Lowe Auto Company , Brevard Banking Company , Brevard Drugs/Mulls Grocery , Brevard City Hall and Fire Station , Plummers Department Store , Brevard Banking Company  designed by Erle Stillwell, Co-ed Theater , Pearlman&#39;s , Aethelwold Hotel , and City Market .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>East Main Street Historic District is a national historic district located at Brevard, Transylvania County, North Carolina. It encompasses 14 contributing buildings, 1 contributing structure, and 1 contributing site in a predominantly residential section of Brevard. The district developed between about 1900 and 1959 and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed St. Philip&#39;s Episcopal Church, Silvermont, William Breese, Jr., House, Charles E. Orr House, Royal and Louise Morrow House, and Max and Claire Brombacher House. Other notable buildings include the Lankford-Cleveland House , Brevard-Davidson River Presbyterian Church , White House , Wyke-Barclay House , and Carrier-Plummer House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Columbia Historic District is a national historic district located at Columbia, Tyrrell County, North Carolina. It encompasses 119 contributing buildings, 1 contributing structure, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Columbia. The district developed between about 1880 and 1944 and includes examples of a variety of popular architecture styles. Located in the district is the separately listed Tyrrell County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include Snell&#39;s Inn , Columbia Garage , Columbia Christian Church , McClees-Coffield House , Combs-Hussey House , Frederick L. W. Cohoon House , Columbia Baptist Church , W. J. White Building , Columbian Theatre , Wesley United Methodist Church , St. Andrews Episcopal Church , Tyrrell County Jail , Merchants and Farmers Bank / East Carolina Bank , Tyrrell County Bank , and Columbia Theatre .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>Monroe Downtown Historic District is a national historic district located at Monroe, Union County, North Carolina. It encompasses 25 contributing buildings and 1 contributing object in the central business district of Monroe. The district developed during the late-19th and early-20th century and includes notable examples of Late Victorian and Classical Revival architecture styles. Located in the district is the separately listed Union County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the Hotel Joffre Building , Bank of Union Building , Belk/Bundy Building , Monroe Bank & Trust Company Building , Monroe Hardware Company Building , and Secrest Building .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Manaro Voui is a shield volcano whose emergent portion is known as the island of Ambae in Vanuatu. The summit is 1,496 meters above sea level and about 3,900 meters above the sea floor. According to indigenous custom Chief Virenaliu Paul Vuhu, the summits valley and lakes are considered `the "sacred place and paradise" where they believe after death, their spirits go to live happily ever after. Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department maintains a live webcam and seismological chart.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Volcanologists use the term volcano to refer to either a "vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt", or "the form or structure (usually conical) that is produced by the ejected material."</p><br>
<p>Aoba is the name of the volcano used on Volcano World in their world database in their list of Vanuatu&#39;s 9 volcanoes. Manaro is the name they use to refer to the summit crater, which contains multiple vents and lakes.</p><br>
<p>Aoba is also the name used by Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Global Volcanism Program in their list of 14 volcanos on Vanuatu. Manaro Ngoru and Lake Voui are the names they use for the summit craters. The Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network stated that Aoba is "referred to locally as Manaro or Lombenben"</p><br>
<p>Aoba is also the name used in The World Factbook written by US Central Intelligence Agency.</p><br>
<p>Aoba is also the name used in a 2017 peer reviewed article in the journal Science, whose lead author works at NASA, and holds a joint appointment at the University of California Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>Lombenben is the name used on a 2017 map published by Vanuatu&#39;s National Disaster Management Office.</p><br>
<p>Lombenben is also the name used by the daily newspaper Vanuatu Daily Post</p><br>
<p>in recent articles.</p><br>
<p>Manaro Voui is the name used in various articles in 2017 by Vanuatu Digest, Reuters, Associated Press and Radio New Zealand.</p><br>
<p>Manaro is the name used in Encyclopædia Britannica in their entry on Aoba.</p><br>
<p>Manaro is also the name used in 2017 articles in Vanuatu Daily Post and The Guardian for the volcano (cinder cone) in the middle of the lake on top of Mount Lombenben.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic activity</h2><br>
<p>The mountain is one of the most dangerously active volcanoes in the world; its last eruption was recorded in 2017. Previously, up to 5,000 people living near the volcano have had to be evacuated for their safety.</p><br>
<p>The volcano&#39;s recent history includes eruptions in 1966, 2005 and 2016. In general, the new activity can happen anywhere on Ambae, but with highest likelihood in the rift zone, a long 2 km wide region that runs the length of the island and contains the summit.</p><br>
<h3>September 2017 Eruptions</h3><br>
<p>In mid-September 2017, new eruptions began in the summit crater below the surface of Lake Voui, leading the Vanuatu Meteorology and Geohazards Department (VMGD) to raise the Alert Level to 3.</p><br>
<p>On September 22, 2017, VMGD raised the Alert Level was raised to 4 upon observing lava at the surface of the lake for the first time, as the underwater dome grew into a new volcanic island in the summit crater.</p><br>
<p>On September 25, 2017, Vanuatu Government’s Council of Ministers declared a State of Emergency on Ambae island in response to the eruption of Manaro Voui volcano.</p><br>
<p>On September 28, 2017, the government of Vanuatu ordered complete evacuation of Ambae 11,000 residents (evacuation map).</p><br>
<p>On October 1, 2017, VMGD advised a possible stabilization of volcanic activity</p><br>
<p>By October 4, 2017, all but a handful of the island&#39;s 11,500 residents had been evacuated to neighboring islands through grassroots efforts largely initiated and carried out by Ni-Vanuatu. The Alert Level remained at 4 (out of 5).</p><br>
<p>By October 6, VMGD lowered the Alert Level from 4 to 3. VMGD reported that the danger zone is within 3 km from the vent in Lake Voui, stated that in this area flying rock and volcanic gases may be present.</p><br>
<p>By October 7, the lava flow down the new cinder cone island and into the lake had stopped and seismic energy was decreasing. On Oct 7th, it was reported that 15 Ambae residents remained on the island.</p><br>
<p>On October 10, the government of Vanuatu extended by two weeks the State of Emergency, allowing National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) to carry out an expanded assessment of the island that will cover the state of the villages, properties including houses, and gardens.</p><br>
<h2>Ceremonial Offerings</h2><br>
<p>To "quieten the fire of Lake Voui", a highly valued animal (pig) was slaughtered, and food, meats and mats were released into the waters from the shores of Lake Voui as an offering to Kelevu, the custodian of the lake, during a lakeside custom ceremony around September 20, 2017, conducted by delegation of high-ranking Ambaen custom chiefs and led by North Ambae Paramount Chief Tari One of Ambanga Village.</p><br>
<h2>Lakes</h2><br>
<p>There are three warm freshwater crater lakes on the volcano, near its peak: Manaro Ngoru, Vui (Voui) and Manaro Lakua. Vui, the inner crater, alone contains 50 million cubic metres of water.</p><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead is a heritage-listed homestead on the New England Highway, Glengallan, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1864 to 1904. It is also known as Glengallan Head Station. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead, built 1867-1868, is located on the southwestern slope of Mount Marshall at the mouth of a wide valley, running west from Cunningham&#39;s Gap, near the junction of the Cunningham and New England Highways approximately 15 kilometres north of Warwick.</p><br>
<p>This valley was the original Darling Downs, discovered and named by explorer Allan Cunningham (1791-1839) in 1827 in honour of the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Ralph Darling (1775-1858), and the name Darling Downs was later used to identify the surrounding region of open rolling country with rich and deep soils. Cunningham found a gap in the dividing range, and the following year, while visiting Moreton Bay, he found a gap which he thought was the same one he had discovered previously, and which became known as Cunningham&#39;s Gap.</p><br>
<p>This open country had been carefully and deliberately maintained by the Aborigines in what has been called firestick farming, an annual pattern of controlled burns to protect certain resource areas and pasture for native grazing animals. The Aboriginal burning pattern was disrupted within the first years of the runs being taken up, and the local Aboriginal population were soon killed off.</p><br>
<p>The unsettled districts outside the nineteen counties around Sydney had been thrown open to squatters by the 1836 licence system. This system proved ineffective and in 1839 a new Act was passed. This Act provided for an annual licence fee to be paid, determined per head of stock on the run, and also provided administration by Commissioners of Crown Lands. However, the squatters still had no permanency of land tenure, and in 1847 Orders in Council were introduced which allowed further 14 year leases for established unsettled runs on payment of an annual fee per head of stock. The Orders in Council also gave the run holders the pre-emptive right to purchase the land for its fair value in an unimproved state at less than one pound per acre at the completion of the lease. Pre-emption was allowed to continue until 1868, and meant that nearly all the best land, creek frontages, water holes and portions guarding leasehold areas were pre-empted. It allowed the squatters to hold onto their land, but also plunged many of them into debt often resulting in financial ruin.</p><br>
<p>Patrick Leslie (1815-1881) born at Warthill, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, the second son of William Leslie, ninth laird of Warthill and eight of Folla, had sailed from London in 1834 and arrived in New South Wales in May 1835. He gained pastoralist experience under the Macarthurs of Camden, and in 1836 went to manage the property of his uncle Davidson on the Krui River at Colleroi. By 1839 Leslie had rented Dunheved farm at Penrith, and when his brothers Walter and George arrived he decided to look for new land north of the limits of settlement. In 1840 he started with a large party for the Clarence River district, and then resolved to look at the Darling Downs. With one companion, a convict named Murphy, he followed Cunningham&#39;s trail and relocated the Darling Downs and decided on the area that was to become Toolburra and Canning Downs for his first station. Walter Leslie and Ernest Dalrymple followed with the flocks, and in 1840 the Leslies became the first settlers on the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>Ernest Dalrymple took up a run next to the Leslies, and all runs on the Downs were taken up by June 1841. The Leslies originally selected all the land which became Toolburra, South Toolburra, Glengallan, Gladfield, Maryvale, Warwick and Canning Downs, and had taken up a far greater area than which they were entitled under a New South Wales licence. They had to dispose of the areas that became Glengallan, Sandy Creek and Fred (Bracker) the German&#39;s Creek (Rosenthal) to the Aberdeen Company.</p><br>
<p>The Leslies negotiated permission to bring supplies from the Moreton Bay settlement, even though it was not open to commerce. The settlement opened in 1842 however, and thereafter all the Downs squatters (run holders) were free to have supplies sent in and wool sent out to Ipswich, from where they could be transported by river to Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In 1841-42 the Leslie brothers sold approximately 42,000 acres to brothers Colin and John Campbell, Scottish immigrants, who named it Glengallan Run. The Leslies noted they had disposed of the buildings and the right of the lower part of the run for which we had no use and we got 250 pounds for it. This description may have included Glengallan, Fred the German&#39;s Creek and Sandy Creek.</p><br>
<p>By 1844, Campbell and Co were in liquidation, but the partnership recovered and after 1844 it appears that licences for Glengallan were issued in the sole name of Colin Campbell. Another brother, Archibald, managed the property from 1845–48 and during this time the stock numbers increased considerably, but disease broke out in 1847. Glengallan was offered for sale in November 1847, but this was not successful.</p><br>
<p>The Campbells first encampment had been at Freestone Creek, an area which has become known as Campbell Plains, but it proved unsuitable for sheep due to wooded areas and dingo habitat. The camp subsequently moved to Glengallan Creek, known as Gap Creek, near the slope of what became Mt Marshall. It has been suggested that their c.1842 residence, described as a rude but substantial hut, would have been close to the site of the present homestead being close to the creek but above flood level, with expansive views of the surrounding area and a relatively flat terrace of land, but the exact location has not been positively identified. The 1846 diary of the New South Wales Commissioner for Crown Lands, Darling Downs District, stated the run was 120 square miles with 15,000 head of sheep, 400 cattle and 30 horses. In 1848, a NSW Government Gazette noted Colin Campbell holding leases for Glengallan totalling 60,000 acres. Glengallan was located in a pivotal position on the main roads, which have changed slightly in position, from Toowoomba/Drayton heading towards the south and from the Downs properties heading towards Cunninghams Gap.</p><br>
<p>The NSW Government Gazette published a list of transfers of runs dated 11 October 1848 recording the transfer of Glengallan from Colin Campbell to the unrelated Robert Tertius Campbell (1811-1887) with whom Colin Campbell banked, and it appears that the three Campbell brothers died in 1853. Robert Tertius Campbell, whose father was a Director of the Bank of New South Wales, was related to the Campbells of Duntroon in the Monaro district, and had been lessee of Jondaryan in 1845, gained the lease of North Branch of Swamps Run in 1849, and continued leasing Canning Creek until 1852. The NSW Government Gazette dated 30 July 1852 recorded that RT Campbell transferred his interest in Glengallan to his partner Charles Henry Marshall, who had previously been his managing clerk and whom he took into partnership in Glengallan it appears in 1849-50. RT Campbell then moved on to the newly opened Burnett District.</p><br>
<p>In December 1851 and March 1852, the artist Conrad Martens (1801-1878), who had arrived in Sydney in 1835, stayed at Glengallan during the course of his five-month trip to the Brisbane area and the Darling Downs in search of painting commissions. He travelled through the country making pencil drawings, many of which he used as the basis for water colours and oil paintings, which he executed on his return to Sydney. These drawings and paintings are some of the few illustrations of Queensland during this time, and his sketches of Glengallan show the main homestead as two timber buildings surrounded by verandahs and situated close together.</p><br>
<p>Charles Henry Marshall (1821-1874), who was born in Mauritius and had a background in London and Devon, was appointed Magistrate in 1849-50 and took John Deuchar into partnership in 1855. Marshall was an active member of the Church of England, and in 1858 gave 11 acres of land in Warwick to the church as the site for a parsonage and glebe. A parsonage, named Hillside, was built on the site for Reverend Benjamin Glennie. Marshall seems to have lived at Glengallan until 1865, when Deuchar bought out his interests and he retired from the partnership and departed for England, but was to return to Australia due to Deuchar&#39;s financial difficulties in 1870.</p><br>
<p>During their partnership, Marshall and Deuchar established the famous Glengallan Merino flock and Shorthorn stud.</p><br>
<p>John Deuchar (1820-1872) was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, and with his sister Beatrice migrated to New South Wales in 1839. He gained pastoral experience in the Hunter River district and c.1842 drove sheep from Maitland to the Darling Downs for the Aberdeen Co, and later for the North British Australian Co. From 1844 he was overseer at Goomburra, and after two years with the support of Walter Grey of Ipswich, he bought Canal Creek well stocked with Talgai Merinos. In 1848 Deuchar sold Canal Creek, and succeeded Fred Bracker as manager of Rosenthal for the Aberdeen Co, and became travelling superintendent of the companys properties. In 1829 Bracker, from Mecklenburg, Germany, had brought to New South Wales a flock of Saxon Merinos of the Rambouillet family from Prince Esterhazys Silesian flock for the Aberdeen Co. On Rosenthal, Deuchar had the first two thoroughbred Merino rams on the Darling Downs; Camden Billy from John Macarthurs stud at Camden Park, already there when he took over, and German Billy, which he brought with him from Canal Creek. A fine Merino stud was developed from a blend of Spanish Negretti Cabana and Rambouillet strains, developing long, superfine wool. Deuchar began breeding cattle, especially Shorthorns, and brought to Rosenthal Lord Raglan, the first imported Shorthorn bull to reach the Downs, and well bred cattle from the Australian Agricultural Cos properties farther south. He also developed a horse racing stud, and his stallion Grey Arab, bought from one of the Aberdeen Co&#39;s properties, sired many fine horses which Deuchar rode successfully at race meetings both on the flat and over fences.</p><br>
<p>In 1855 Deuchar went into partnership with Marshall on Glengallan, and continued his stock breeding. His overseer William Anderson had been at school with him and had come to the colony on the same ship. Deuchar insisted on building up his own teams of employees, and on taking over Rosenthal and Glengallan he dispersed the families on the properties and replaced them with other employees already known to him.</p><br>
<p>In 1857 Deuchar married Eliza Charlotte Lee, the sister of Dr Washington Lee of Warwick, in Paddington Sydney, and travelled to Europe in 1858-60 where he purchased stock which would become important in building up Glengallan&#39;s flocks. In Germany Deuchar selected ten rams and ten ewes from the flocks of Baron Von Malzahn at Lenschow in Mecklenburg, of which Marshall made a further selection of ten rams and fifteen ewes in 1862, the last time that outside blood was introduced and the Glengallan Merinos were bred up from this stock.</p><br>
<p>By 1865 Marshall and Deuchar had pre-empted 18,172 acres, which rose to 31,166 acres by the end of 1867. This was 66% of the total run area which totalled 44,800 acres, being the highest percentage of pre-empted selection of land of any run in the 1860-1874 period.</p><br>
<p>By 1864 the Glengallan Head Station complex included two houses, stables and a kitchen, with new stables having been built prior to 1858. In 1866 it was described by Kate Hume, a visitor, as the house has been added to, till it resembles a village, connected by verandahs and covered ways!</p><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead was constructed in 1867-68, and it is thought that Deuchar had been planning his house for some time. The extant office/store building with cellar was constructed in 1864 by local builder Donald Meiklejohn from local sandstone, and is thought to be both experimental and an integral part of the total envisaged precinct. A variety of sizes of sandstone block was used, unlike the regular masonry of the house or the irregular stonework of the verandah foundation. It has been suggested that the cellar was experimental in determining the movement and depth of the black soil, and that subsequently cellars were not chosen for the main house. It appears that the cellar was a cold store, and that the dry goods store was above, with the estate office.</p><br>
<p>Deuchar had intended to build a much larger house, possibly in a U-shape plan, although he only had time and resources to build one wing of Glengallan Homestead. Unconfirmed reports state that a massive hole was dug for the foundations, up to 20 feet wider than the building, till sandstone was reached. On this sandstone a massive platform of basalt rubble was laid, and the outer and dividing walls were then constructed and the intervening spaces refilled to ground level. During construction the Warwick Examiner and Times noted in November 1867 that Glengallan will be one of the most splendid gentlemen&#39;s residences in the colony.</p><br>
<p>The sandstone for Glengallan Homestead was quarried on the property, from an area near Swan Creek at Yangan, and the verandah sandstone, much coarser and softer, comes from Karcaruda, which was a former settlement and railway siding near Swan Creek.</p><br>
<p>The construction of Glengallan was supervised by Warwick builder Thomas Wood, possibly for architect Charles Balding who, based in Ipswich, had opened a temporary office in Toowoomba and his practice extended to the Darling Downs. Balding had designed Gooloowan in Quarry Street, Ipswich, for Benjamin Cribb, which was built in 1863-64 and is noted as being similar to Glengallan. It has also been suggested that Richard George Suter (1827-1894) may have been involved, possibly taking over from Balding who left the colony in 1867. Suter later designed Jimbour House, a two-storeyed sandstone homestead built 1873-74.</p><br>
<p>Deuchar had two suites of furniture made at Ebenstons in Queen Street, Brisbane, for the drawing and dining rooms. The fact that local materials and a local manufacturer were used was publicised in the Brisbane Courier in August 1868. Reports of the cost of the house vary between £5-12,000, and a gala opening party was held on 16 September 1868. The Deuchars hosted many social events during their time at Glengallan, and house guests included Governor Bowen and his family. Deuchar had envisaged the ground floor rooms as drawing room (north) and ball room (south), but were actually used as drawing room (south) and dining room (north) with bedrooms on the first floor.</p><br>
<p>Nine months after the opening party, Glengallan was offered for sale. The cost of the pre-emptive purchase, building a grand house, a drought, and buying Marshall out of the partnership all contributed to Deuchar&#39;s financial ruin. In early 1865 Deuchar had taken over sole control of the management of Glengallan, and contracted to buy the property by taking out a mortgage with Marshall payable in ten years.</p><br>
<p>Deuchar was unable to pay instalments on the mortgage and Marshall foreclosed in 1870. Deuchar also owed other creditors, and may have had to leave all the contents at Glengallan when he and his family left. Deuchar retired to Mile End in Warwick where he died of pneumonia aged 50 on 11 September 1872, survived by his wife, two daughters and six sons.</p><br>
<p>During Deuchar&#39;s occupation, the servants quarters and buggy shed were built, and the gardens and avenue of trees were laid out. The house water supply and sewerage disposal system was also developed, with the water being pumped from the creek using a 2.5 horse-power Bailey engine, and the pump appears to have been set on a sandstone block platform. The water was pumped to a holding tank below the bathroom, then up to a 200-gallon lead lined wooden roof tank supplying cold water for bath, shower and flushing toilet on the first floor. The large size of the roof tank was probably due to the type of toilet system used, a rare feature at the time, which had been invented in 1778 and required high water pressure. The pump was also used to irrigate the gardens around the house.</p><br>
<p>During the next 20 years, the two early houses were demolished, and the covered way to one of the houses was truncated. A rear wing, known as the cedar wing, was built to provide guest rooms, estate office, cooks bedroom and housekeepers room. The kitchen was built adjoining the side of the covered way, but separate from the stone house, and was set on stumps with a large chimney at its eastern end. The bath house was built against the western end of the south verandah.</p><br>
<p>Marshall returned in 1870 and remained until 1873 when he took WB Slade into partnership and again retired to England where he died in August 1874. The partnership continued however, with Marshall&#39;s share transferred to his widow Charlotte Augusta Dring Marshall, until 1904 when the property was sold.</p><br>
<p>A new woolshed was completed to the northwest of the house in 1873, being approximately three times the size of the present woolshed. The earliest position of the woolshed is noted in 1859-60. The 1873 woolshed is noted as having a T-shape plan and could accommodate 22 shearers, and was described in 1892 as being a hardwood structure, with a shingle roof, that could accommodate 1,000 sheep. The exact position of the washpool has been disputed, but some sources indicate that it was located upstream from the house. Clean wool was abandoned in favour of greasy wool with the cessation of sheep washing in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>During WB Slade&#39;s time at Glengallan, many changes occurred resulting from the increased diversification of the property into dairying and crops. In the open areas fostered by the Aboriginal land management practices, prior to European settlement, a pasture dominated by nutritious grasses had developed. These grasses did not survive intensified stocking, particularly when fencing became a standard practice, and less nutritious grasses took their place. A gradual decline in the carrying capacity was noted during the period 1860-1880, and the solution was to improve the feed and as a result lucerne became a major crop.</p><br>
<p>From 1842-1868 any cultivation was limited to paddocks lower than the house and closer to the creek. After 1868, Deuchar&#39;s pump, installed to deliver water to the house, was used to irrigate nearby fields. After 1880, the benefit of lucerne as a fodder crop was recognised and the cultivation of wheat and other grains began to assume importance. For the following 80 to 90 years, many of the paddocks above and near the house were cultivated for crops, and much soil was washed away.</p><br>
<p>William Ball Slade (1843-1938) was born in Somerset, England, and after some legal training migrated to Sydney in 1861 where his elder brother was practising as a solicitor. After pastoral experience in New South Wales and Queensland, Slade married Sophia Thompson on 1 March 1873 at St Mark&#39;s Church of England Warwick, and that year became manager and partner of Glengallan. Deuchar had established notable Shorthorn and Merino studs, and between the droughts of 1872 and 1902 Slade developed the Shorthorn stud to over one thousand pedigree females, one of the largest in the world. The Merino stud had such prestige that Slade maintained a closed flock until 1916. During that time he developed a heavier-fleeced flock, with wool that was stronger, of greater length and often brighter. He kept another line of Merinos of Vermont strain, separate from the Glengallan foundation stock, and also bred Lincolns. He exported stud Merinos to the Cape of Good Hope in 1888, a connection which was long continued.</p><br>
<p>Many more staff were required at Glengallan, even though shepherding was abandoned in favour of fenced paddocks, and sheep washing ceased in the 1870s. Glengallan concentrated on stud sheep and cattle, with fat lambs becoming important once rail transport and refrigeration came into the economic realm. One of Slade&#39;s achievements was to transform Glengallan from a traditional pastoral stud property to one where intensive cultivation of lucerne and other fodder supported not only the stud stock but also wethers bought for fattening from western properties, and he was praised by contemporaries as the best manager in the Darling Downs. Further diversification included dairying and a substantial piggery.</p><br>
<p>At some point it appears that the main flow of Glengallan Creek became diverted down Backwater Creek, for what reason is not known. By 1892 three dams had been constructed on Glengallan Creek to provide irrigation to the paddocks. Water was still being pumped from the creek in the 1890s, but by the early 1900s water was being supplied by a bore on the northwest of Mt Marshall to a holding tank near the woolshed, and the house water system was reliant on rain water. The original timber shingles to the roof of Glengallan were sheeted over with corrugated iron and stormwater drainage was introduced. Pipes were installed at both the northwest and southwest corners of the house, with the northwest pipe feeding into the stone lined channel that runs along the west side of house with sandstone capping pieces. Pipes also fed into the roof tank.</p><br>
<p>In 1885 Glengallan covered 42,000 acres, and from 1896 to 1904 Glengallan was progressively broken up into smaller units. After the original leases had expired in the 1860s, lease holders were permitted to acquire large areas by pre-emptive claim and further purchases. Considerable pressures were put upon the pastoralists due to demand for smaller land holdings, eventually resulting in the Selection Acts of the 1860s and 1870s which forced them to borrow heavily, and the fluctuation of wool prices meant that it was difficult for them to make a profit. The Agricultural Lands Purchase Act of 1894 was the instrument by which many of the large estates on the Downs were broken up. Under this Act, the Glengallan partnership restored its capital and recouped drought losses in three major subdivisions between 1895 and 1904, when the partnership came to an end. Slade actively offered his property to the Government and lobbied local Members of Parliament to assist in ensuring his offer was accepted.</p><br>
<p>In 1904, after the three major subdivisions, Slade retained 3,000 acres and repurchased the Glengallan Homestead block, reportedly between 1,275 and 2,000 acres in size, from the Government for £10,265. Later in 1904, Slade transferred the Glengallan Homestead and accompanying 482 acres to GH Gillespie, a member of the well known firm of Victorian Millers. It appears that by 1907, Clara Gillespie was farming the Glengallan Homestead portion with her son Alexander Frederick Gillespie.</p><br>
<p>Slade named his smaller estate East Glengallan, built himself a residence and continued with the Glengallan Merino and Shorthorn studs. Slade acquired properties near Warwick and at Gore, towards Inglewood, for his family. In 1912 East Glengallan was subdivided with the eldest son Oswald Carey Slade (1882-1956) managing the Merino stud. Slade&#39;s other son Adrian also managed or was proprietor of award-winning studs.</p><br>
<p>WB Slade is celebrated as the archetypal Anglo-Australian patrician of Warwick, and was patron, office-bearer and benefactor of show societies, his church, Masonic Lodge and the Warwick branch of the Royal Society of St George. His great avocation was cricket, and he donated Slade Park to the Queensland I Zingari Cricket Club, which formed 1868 and of which he was one of the first members and Captain for almost 30 years. He established annual cricket matches at Glengallan and a pavilion was constructed. In 1932 he was appointed CBE, and he died 18 April 1938 and is buried in the Warwick cemetery. His name is remembered by the Slade School, Warwick.</p><br>
<p>Slade established a school, which had opened by 1886, and paid for its construction, desks, furniture and teacher. It was taken over by the Education Department in 1891, and was closed and relocated in 1904 when that portion of Glengallan was purchased by the government. Slade also gave 2 acres to the Anglican Church, and St Andrews Church was opened in 1908. St Andrews was described as a weatherboard church that could accommodate 200 people, painted dark red with pale green glass casement windows and a vestry at the western end. The church has since been relocated to St David&#39;s, Allora, and is attached to the hall.</p><br>
<p>The only alteration made to Glengallan Homestead by Slade is thought to be the timber partition in the first floor northern room to accommodate children&#39;s bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>By 1904 the structures at the head station consisted of Glengallan Homestead, with the rear cedar wing, kitchen and bath house attached, sandstone office/store, two storeyed stables, buggy shed, and servants quarters. The garden comprised a tennis court (often used for cricket practice) to the northeast of the house, a gravel/cobbled semi- circular drive lined by semi-circular garden beds and an extensive shrubbery, a lawn with a central circular garden, a tree lined drive (planted by Deuchar), and a box hedge separating the formal garden from the productive gardens. An orchard was located on the southern side of the house and was terraced down to Glengallan Creek which was fringed with willows. A vegetable garden was also located on the southern side or behind the house. Glengallan was described as giving the appearance of a picturesquely scattered township, and included many outbuildings and a large complex of structures nearer to the woolshed.</p><br>
<p>Clara Gillespie was declared insolvent in July 1910, and it appears that the property was transferred to her son Alexander Frederick Gillespie in January 1912. It is noted that financial problems plagued AF Gillespie, and during his occupation of the property there appears to have been no new buildings erected and some may have begun to deteriorate. It appears that the Glengallan Homestead portion was transferred to Oswald Carey Slade (son of WB Slade) in July 1918, and AF Gillespie died in 1926-27.</p><br>
<p>Oswald Carey Slade installed a manager, and it is recorded that the Atkinson family lived in the main house in 1927. Another manager and his family occupied the house from 1931 until he retired due to ill health in 1944-45. This was the last family to live at the house. During OC Slade&#39;s ownership, the property further deteriorated with the area between the house and the office/store turned into a farmyard.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Glengallan was described as being approached via a winding drive over a quarter mile long, with magnificent pine trees lining either side of the drive, a neat picket fence of 270 yards surrounds the garden area, broken by a substantial gateway of stone pillars and iron gates. It was also described as having cobbled areas to the north side of the house and approaching the office/store doors, a fernery, small vineyard, homestead enclosure and adjacent small paddocks irrigated by pipes which were supplied by elevated tanks filled by a pump, stables with feed room and harness room, buggy shed for three vehicles, and a couple of six-room cottages for married men and their families. By this time, much of the infrastructure which originally supported Glengallan would have been disused or much modified.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed stables burned down, probably in the late 1920s, and a stone paved and corrugated iron roofed shed was erected partly over the site. This was possibly also the site of the earlier stables as sketched by Conrad Martens in 1852, which were also possibly built on the site of the c.1842 stables. In the early 1930s the first floor of Glengallan House was unoccupied and the servants quarters, a long narrow timber building comprising rooms opening onto a verandah, was demolished. The stone pillars and iron gates were removed in 1940 to Leslie Park in Warwick where they were re-used to commemorate the centenary of the arrival of the Leslie brothers and the establishment of Canning Downs. In 1946 the kitchen and bath house were removed to other parts of the property, and later that year the cedar wing was dismantled and sold to Eddie Mogridge of Tannymorel, and it has subsequently been moved to Swanfels. The remains of a cemetery is located at a distance from Glengallan House to the southwest, but the date of establishment is not known.</p><br>
<p>Oswald Carey Slade was childless, and in 1931 he transferred East Glengallan to the Anglican Church, subject to a life tenancy.</p><br>
<p>In 1949 Mr and Mrs OC Slade gave Glengallan Homestead to the Anglican Church. The Anglican Church had plans to dismantle Glengallan and use the materials to build a War Memorial Science Block at the Slade School in Warwick, but this did not eventuate. The school leased the property to various people for farming purposes.</p><br>
<p>After the property was accepted by the Anglican Church, no development was seriously attempted. Glengallan Homestead was left often open and used as shelter by goats and birds, and many of the fittings were removed. In 1972 the property was transferred to the Smith family. Glengallan was left unoccupied, its remaining gardens were turned into paddocks, and the slow creep of soil from cultivated paddocks above was allowed to continue. The only visible structures were the main house and the sandstone office/store.</p><br>
<p>A 1975 report noted that the structure was in reasonably good condition, some sheets of corrugated iron had blown off the roof and the verandahs had deteriorated. By 1983 the southern verandah had collapsed and the eastern verandah was unstable, water was entering the building and more corrugated iron sheets were missing.</p><br>
<p>In 1983, a group of fourth year architecture students from the University of Queensland made a set of measured drawings of Glengallan House. These were followed up by a conservation analysis funded by a National Estate Grant in 1983, 1984 and 1986, carried out by the Department of Architecture University of Queensland. Recommendations for the conservation and management of Glengallan were made, but no organisation was willing to undertake them. In 1993 Glengallan House and its surrounding grounds were gifted to the non-profit Glengallan Homestead Trust which was formed in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Since then archaeological excavations have been carried out, mainly involving the drainage, water and sewerage systems. However, works have also been carried out resulting in some damage to the property. These works include the removal of black soil overburden, the provision of water, power and telephone, the installation of a toilet block and septic system, excavation for rebuilding of verandah walls, the construction of a shed, and the verandahs have been largely removed. The roof has been repaired, with some new structural members being inserted, and resheeted with corrugated iron with some of the original timber shingles being retained in situ.</p><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead is open to the public for viewing.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead is located on the southwestern slope of Mount Marshall at the mouth of a wide valley, running west from Cunningham&#39;s Gap, near the junction of the Cunningham and New England Highways approximately 15 kilometres north of Warwick. The fenced area of land on which the homestead is located is accessed via an easement from the New England Highway to the southwest. The homestead has been in a ruinous condition but is undergoing conservation works.</p><br>
<p>The homestead is a long, narrow two-storeyed ashlar sandstone structure, built on an approximately north-south axis, with a hipped corrugated iron roof. The symmetrical principal elevation faces in an easterly direction overlooking the valley and towards Mount Dumaresq in the distance, which it resembles in silhouette. The rear elevation has projecting sandstone blocks on the north and south ends, indicating the intended two-storeyed extensions which were never built and which would have formed a U-shaped plan. The building originally had a timber shingled roof, and some of these shingles remain under the corrugated iron sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The building has the remains of double height verandahs to the north, east and south. The most intact section of verandah is located at the northern end, with the southern end almost completely missing. The ground floor verandahs have paired, narrow ornamental cast iron columns, which were produced by the Russell Foundry of Sydney, in front and to either side of a tubular cast iron column which was intended to support the load above. These columns are currently in place only to the northern end and part of the western side, and are supported by sandstone plinths which in turn are supported by a footing wall. The paired Russell Foundry columns were also located on the first floor verandah where they acted as structural members. The inside face of the columns had timber panelling which, to the ground floor verandah, aligned with expressed false beams in the timber panelled ceiling. The ground floor columns support a timber web truss, which in turn supports the first floor verandah above. The first floor verandah had cast iron balustrades, also produced by the Russell Foundry, which have been removed.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor verandahs originally had a fixed timber louvred panelled frieze, which was the remnants of a louvred system intended to have panels which ran in tracks located at the side of the columns allowing the verandah to be enclosed, but where venetian blinds were installed instead. The ground floor verandahs had timber floors which have been removed, and a central set of sandstone steps accessing the main entrance on the eastern side.</p><br>
<p>The east and south walls have smooth faced sandstone blocks, while the north and west walls have picked faced sandstone. Both floors have French doors with arched fanlights opening onto the verandahs, with three sets of doors either side of the central entry, and all arched headers have expressed vermiculated keystones. The central entry has double doors with sidelights, and an arched fanlight with coloured glass segments surmounted by an expressed keystone carved in relief with the initials JD 1867 surrounded by a garland of leaves. The doors and sidelights have timber lower panels with etched, arched glazed upper panels. The French doors are similar and open inwards. Originally these doors had a second set of doors which opened outwards and contained a timber lower panel with an upper panel of copper mesh, presumably as an insect screen. The ground floor north and south elevations have a projecting sandstone bay with a central French door flanked by a tall, narrow sash window.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor western wall has timber panelled doors with arched fanlight at the north and south ends. A similar doorway is located in the centre under the internal staircase, but the door is missing. These doors are accessed by rough sandstone steps and a timber ramp, and a stone lined stormwater drain is located in front of and running parallel to this wall. A tall sash window is located above the central door, with a smaller sash to either side. This symmetrical elevation has two chimney stacks which have picked-faced sandstone to the base, and smooth-faced sandstone above surmounted by a large cornice with curved capping pieces. The western wall has marks in the sandstone above the northern door which indicate the roof profile of the covered way which was originally located connected there.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a symmetrical plan with a central hall and stairwell flanked by the former dining room on the north and former drawing room on the south. The first floor has a bedroom at either end, separated from the stairwell by an ante room and linked by a short hallway. The plaster finishes are thought to be original, but have suffered much water damage.</p><br>
<p>All the masonry walls are plastered, and on the first floor the non-masonry walls are lath and plaster. The ceilings are lath and plaster, and all rooms have plaster cornices, with the widths and designs varying in different rooms. Principal rooms have ornate central plaster ceiling roses, with the dining room containing two roses which would have been positioned above a central table. Throughout the building, the skirtings, architraves, doors and floor boards are cedar. Doors are panelled with etched, arched glass fanlights, and evidence of early decoration include brackets for curtain rods.</p><br>
<p>The drawing room originally had a white marble fireplace surround with relief carving of fruit, and the dining room had a black marble fireplace surround, both of which have been removed. The main bedroom, on the south, has a cedar fireplace surround and evidence of a shelving unit which was located between the chimney breast and adjacent wall but was probably not an original fitting. The adjacent ante-room housed a bathroom, and surviving evidence include vertically jointed timber panelling and a cedar surround for a shower rose. The bathroom originally housed a slate bath and flushing toilet. The northern bedroom has a vertically jointed timber partition wall which divides the room in two but which does not reach the ceiling height. This room had a cedar fireplace surround which has been removed, but the register grate is in place. The adjacent ante-room is thought to have been a nursery or dressing room.</p><br>
<p>The stairwell contains a U-shaped curving cedar staircase which as been partly restored. A protective timber cover and temporary handrail has been installed, with the original turned cedar balustrade and handrail in place to the first floor landing. The stair is lit by a tall sash window.</p><br>
<p>To the west of the homestead is the office/store. This single-storeyed sandstone building has a hipped corrugated iron roof, which originally had timber shingles, and a cellar. The stonework consists of a rough alternation of thick and thin bands, and the northern elevation has a central entrance flanked by a window to either side. A second entrance is located on the eastern side facing the homestead, two windows are located on the southern side, and the cellar is entered from the west via a flight of seven sandstone steps, but the original entrance door has been removed. The building has air vents to the cellar just above ground level. Internally, this building originally had two rooms with separate entries, but the internal wall has been removed. The walls are plastered and a ceiling has been installed. Remains of cobbled paths around the building are evident.</p><br>
<p>Cultivation of the paddocks above the homestead has resulted in the site being mantled in 300mm of black soil. Some of this overburden has been removed, but the majority of the site has been protected and the position of early structures may be able to be identified with further investigation. Excavations have been undertaken to the site of the cedar wing and kitchen complex, stables, stormwater drains and sewerage system, and to a large part of the area north and west of the office. The site boundary fence passes across the corner of the partly excavated area of the stables.</p><br>
<p>The remains of the gardens include two Norfolk Island Pines appear to mark the position of the original entrance gates and stone pillars to the northeast of the homestead. The form of the raised tennis court and curved drive can be determined, and a number of mature trees are located at the northern end of the homestead. Remains of the orchard, to the south of the homestead, include a number of gnarled and twisted fruit trees.</p><br>
<p>An unexpected discovery during conservation works was the remains of a mummified cat underneath the floorboards. It is not known if the cat was accidentally entombed there or whether it was linked to medieval practice to ward off evil spirits, possibly linked to building trade guilds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The district surrounding Glengallan Homestead was part of the area Allan Cunningham discovered and explored in 1827. The Glengallan Run was part of the first Darling Downs run, selected by Patrick Leslie in 1840, and was established and named by brothers Colin and John Campbell in 1841-42. The approximate site of the present homestead appears to have been established c.1842, and since that time has been located in a pivotal position on the main roads, which have changed slightly in position, from Toowoomba/Drayton heading towards the south and from the Downs properties heading towards Cunningham&#39;s Gap.</p><br>
<p>The homestead was built in 1867-68 by John Deuchar who, with partner Charles Henry Marshall, established the famous Glengallan Merino flock and Shorthorn stud. The breeding tradition established by Deuchar was further developed by William Ball Slade who maintained the pre-eminence of the Glengallan stud from 1873 until the property was sold in 1904. Slade also transformed Glengallan from a traditional pastoral stud property to one where intensive cultivation of lucerne and other fodder supported not only the stud stock but also wethers bought for fattening from western properties. Further diversification included dairying and a substantial piggery, and Slade was praised by his contemporaries as the best manager on the Darling Downs. Slade was also described as the archetypal Anglo-Australian patrician of Warwick, being a patron, office-bearer, benefactor and member of numerous societies, clubs, the Masonic Lodge and Anglican Church.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Glengallan Homestead is a two-storeyed sandstone structure and as such, with the exception of Jimbour House, is a rare example of a Queensland homestead of that period which were mainly single-storeyed timber structures. Although the homestead was built as part of a larger, uncompleted design, the grand architectural concept can be appreciated and, with its picturesque siting, the building is recognised as a landmark in the surrounding rural landscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The site contains archaeological remains which could provide further information concerning the living conditions on the property and the development of the homestead and associated complex of buildings from the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The homestead and surrounding landscape provide evidence of the way of life of a large Darling Downs Station, from its establishment to eventual decline, and the building is symbolic of the power and prestige of the Darling Downs squatters in the mid to late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a ruin of a grand homestead, which has strong associations with the history and pastoral development of the Darling Downs, the building has unique aesthetic and cultural attributes and has been the subject of much community concern and recent conservation action, as reflected in its current administration by the Glengallan Homestead Trust Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The fabric of the building exhibits a sophisticated design approach, and the detailing of the materials reflects a fine quality of craftsmanship. Some elements of the building were technically innovative for the time, particularly the verandah louvre system and French doors with insect screens, reflecting a consideration for the Queensland climate and conditions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a ruin of a grand homestead, which has strong associations with the history and pastoral development of the Darling Downs, the building has unique aesthetic and cultural attributes and has been the subject of much community concern and recent conservation action, as reflected in its current administration by the Glengallan Homestead Trust Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The district surrounding Glengallan Homestead was part of the area Allan Cunningham discovered and explored in 1827. The Glengallan Run was part of the first Darling Downs run, selected by Patrick Leslie in 1840, and was established and named by brothers Colin and John Campbell in 1841-42.</p><br>
<p>The homestead was built in 1867-68 by John Deuchar who, with partner Charles Henry Marshall, established the famous Glengallan Merino flock and Shorthorn stud. The breeding tradition established by Deuchar was further developed by William Ball Slade who maintained the pre-eminence of the Glengallan stud from 1873 until the property was sold in 1904.</p><br>
<p>Slade was also described as the archetypal Anglo-Australian patrician of Warwick, being a patron, office-bearer, benefactor and member of numerous societies, clubs, the Masonic Lodge and Anglican Church.</p><br>
<p>The Oaks is a historic home and slave plantation located in Ellicott City, Howard County, Maryland .</p><br>
<p>The house is situated on a land tract named Joshua&#39;s Addition patented in 1723 by Joshua Sewall fronting an Indian trail latter named Claggett Road. In 1778 Thomas Cockey sold the land to John Merriken. The land passed to Caleb Dorsey who sold it to the Hare family in 1840. The property featured a cedar tree walkway dated to 1789. An original eighteenth-century stone house was modified to a flat-roofed Italiante structure in 1856 by ship captain Robert H Hare, who also built and lived at the Linwood building. In 1864, Jehanne Elvira Hopkins moved from the South with her slaves and bought the land including Mt. Misery and Oeall Enlarged. A tenant house and slave quarters collapsed in the 1960s. On May 14, 2015, a fire broke out in the structure at 11 am.</p><br>
<p>Hillside is a heritage-listed parsonage at 25 Weewondilla Road, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Benjamin Joseph Backhouse and built from 1862 to 1864. It is also known as Thuruna. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hillside was constructed as the Anglican parsonage for Reverend Benjamin Glennie in 1862–64 to designs of prominent Brisbane architect, Benjamin Backhouse.</p><br>
<p>The Reverend Benjamin Glennie held Anglican services in Warwick as the Incumbent of Moreton Bay and the Darling Downs from 1848. The services were held in the old Court House in Alice Street until 1858 when a timber slab church was constructed on the corner of Grafton and Albion Streets.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Glennie was born in Dulwich, Surrey, England on 29 January 1812, and after his education arrived in Sydney in January 1848 following his three brothers who had arrived in the colony earlier. Glennie was made deacon by Dr William Tyrrell on 19 March 1848 and appointed to Moreton Bay, where he faced numerous challenges encouraging the growth of the church. Originally he was based in Brisbane, but made extensive tours of the surrounding areas, including Ipswich and the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>After his ordination as a priest in 1849 he was transferred to Drayton, on the Darling Downs, where he was responsible for the whole of the Downs. This remained his responsibility until 1860 when the parishes were re-organised and he was then moved to Warwick where he served as the parish priest until 1872. He was an arduous and tireless worker, establishing churches, purchasing land and encouraging congregations.</p><br>
<p>After moving from Warwick, Glennie was appointed to Drayton where he served until 1876, when he returned to the Toowong parish of Brisbane. He had been appointed an archdeacon earlier in his career, but was now able to devote his full-time as an examining chaplain and in the training of younger members of the holy orders. Glennie is often considered the pioneer of the Anglican movement in Queensland, and is particularly fondly remembered on the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>The house was not completed to original plans, only the eastern half and central hallway were constructed. Though rooms were planned to the west of the hallway, as is indicated by the doorways in the hall, this section was never constructed to Backhouse&#39;s designs.</p><br>
<p>It was during his time in Warwick that Glennie built the first purpose-built parsonage in there, Hillside. His first residence was in McEvoy Street, but when this proved inadequate he had plans prepared for a new parsonage on the outskirts of Warwick overlooking the growing township.</p><br>
<p>The land on which Hillside was later built was purchased by Edward Wyndam Tufnell, the Anglican Bishop of Brisbane on 28 March 1865 for £58.3.1. Plans were prepared for the parsonage in 1862-64 by Brisbane architect, Benjamin Backhouse, who was in partnership at the time with Thomas Taylor. The contractor for the project was William Craig. A newspaper report of August 1867 suggests that the parsonage had just been completed and that various members of the congregation were presenting Glennie with £120 of drawing-room furniture.</p><br>
<p>Glennie remained in residence at the parsonage until he was relocated to Drayton in 1870, and soon after when James Matthews was the rector at Warwick it was decided that Hillside was too far from the church and another parsonage was planned. Hillside was transferred to the Corporation of the Synod of the Diocese in 1872, and another rectory was constructed in the church close.</p><br>
<p>In 1878 Hillside was leased for a period of seven years to a George Sumner Renwick Dines and then passed from the Anglican Church and changed hands many times, until it was bought by local architect Conrad Cobden Dornbusch on 19 September 1908 for £1,150. The large block of land on which Hillside was situated was gradually subdivided and from the original 16 acre lot only one hectare remains around the house.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Hillside is a substantial sandstone residence located on a prominent site in Warwick, overlooking the township from the nearby Glennie Heights.</p><br>
<p>Hillside comprises an 1860s sandstone section which is approximately half of the present house, and subsequent timber and sandstone extensions. The house is surrounded on three sides by a verandah, whose awning is discrete from the corrugated iron hipped roof of the central body of the building where there is terracotta ridge and hip flashing. Two sandstone chimney shafts extend through the roof.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation, where the principal entrance doorway is located, comprises the early sandstone section to the east, and a weatherboard and sandstone addition to the west, which infills the early verandah space. The early entrance doorway is centrally located on the facade, to the north of the 1860s section of the building. This timber framed doorway, features a transom and side lights of etched glass. The four panelled and moulded timber door, housed here, has the two upper panels replaced with glass.</p><br>
<p>Running along the entire length of the eastern facade is a verandah, supported on stop chamfered timber posts, rectangular in section, with simple capitals and bases. The facade of the building is punctuated with five, irregularly spaced, French doors which are fully glazed within a cedar frame, with side opening transom lights above. Shade is provided to the openings with full length timber shutters. The soffit of the verandah is unlined with principal edge rolled framing members, and the floor is timber boarding, with chamfered weatherboards on the faces of the base of the building. Access is provided to the verandah from the terrace via three sandstone steps flanked by low sandstone walls.</p><br>
<p>The southern elevation, originally verandahed, is now largely the later section of the building, with roughly tooled and margined sandstone to the underside of the window sills and vertical timber boarding above.</p><br>
<p>The western sections of Hillside are largely recent works, with rooms constructed to the west of the early house and a wing adjoining the building to the south west. These additions have been added in weatherboard and sandstone at various times and enclose a small central courtyard.</p><br>
<p>Internally the building comprises the 1860s section, including the central hallway and three room to the east of this; and the later additions to the south and west of the central hallway. The hallway, which runs north south for the length of the house from the principal entrance on the north of the building. The hallway has a beaded board ceiling and slab floor and is divided into three areas with transverse plastered sandstone walls, with timber framed four panelled cedar doors, demarcating the entrance, formal and rear zones of the house. Housed in the hallway is an early fitted cedar cupboard.</p><br>
<p>Provision is given from the central section of the hallway to a dining/drawing room separated by a three leaf folding door. These rooms have beaded board ceilings, small moulded cornices and frieze rails, high cedar skirting boards and rendered walls. Both rooms feature polished cedar chimney pieces, with timber corbels supporting the mantle. French doors provide access to the verandah on the east of these rooms. Further along the hallway, in the rear section a doorway leads to a small room, seemingly the former study, which has similar but simpler details than those found in the drawing/dining rooms.</p><br>
<p>A looped driveway provides access to the house from Weewondilla Road, the central lawned section of which is planted with native trees and plants. To the east of the house, overlooking Warwick, is a multi-tiered terrace garden, edged with sandstone and concrete walls. A feature of the southern garden is a paved sandstone semi-circular seating area adjacent to the terrace retaining wall, in which there is an outdoor cooking alcove. Another feature of the grounds is a trellised walkway to the west of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hillside was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Hillside demonstrates the development of Warwick and the growth of the Anglican Church in regional Queensland. As one of the oldest sandstone residences in Warwick, it pre-empts the tradition of sandstone building in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good, yet incomplete, example of the domestic architecture of Benjamin Backhouse, and, of a colonial residence constructed during the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is valued on aesthetic and architectural merit, as a substantial early residence.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building is valued by the local community, particularly the Anglican community, as the parsonage of the first resident priest in Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It has strong associations with Archdeacon Benjamin Glennie, a figure of importance in the early religious history of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Leyburn State School is a heritage-listed state school at Peter Street, Leyburn, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1883 to 1930s. It is also known as Leyburn National School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The settlement on Canal Creek (a tributary of the Condamine River) had grown from the 1840s to service the colonising settlers following the stock route blazed by the Leslie brothers in 1840 to the southern Darling Downs. Known from 1853 as Leyburn, the first sale of allotments was held in 1857 following the survey of the town earlier that year.</p><br>
<p>By 1872 a state school, an Anglican church, Police Station and Court House, two smithies, three stores, a sawmill and the inevitable three hotels made up the straggling wooden town centre of Leyboard along the road to Warwick. The town was described as "always a sleepy little town... whose calm was broken by the brief Canal Creek gold-rush in 1871-2... clothed in dust raised by the slow passage of teams and flocks through the town". Most men were either employed as carriers on the Toowoomba-Goondiwindi road or else worked on nearby stations, rejoining their families at their Leyburn cottages on Saturday night.</p><br>
<p>As one of the Darling Downs droving, drinking, and administrative centres located on the old stock and work-routes, significant government infrastructure was located in the town; from 1852 Leyburn became a postal distribution point for the district with mail services branching out from the town; in 1872 Leyburn was connected to the electric telegraph system becoming an important repeating station between Sydney and Brisbane; in 1861 Leyburn was appointed as a place for the holding of Courts of Petty Sessions, a Police Magistrate was appointed, and a lock-up erected followed in 1867 by a court house.</p><br>
<p>Leyburns first primary school (then called the National School) was established following the petitioning in 1861 by the local community of the colonys Board of General Education. Reputedly the twelfth in Queensland, the school opened with an enrolment of 46 pupils on 13 January 1862 in temporary premises described as a small, dirty and uncomfortable hut pending the building of a more permanent school.</p><br>
<p>On 22 January 1865 the purpose-built school house was opened. Funded by a combination of local subscriptions and Board moneys, the school was erected on the eastern side of the existing school site bordering a narrow lane. At this time the school site consisted of blocks 8 and 9 (block 7 bordering Canning Street being added in 1945). The new school house was, in the style of the time, a low set building. It contained a single large school room and an adjoining smaller class room with the main entry by way of a covered porch. A verandah appears to have been added to the rear at a later date. Contrary to the Board of Education&#39;s recommendations, and owing to cost and time factors, the school was built not of brick but of timber (cypress pine). Soon afterwards, in fact, architect Richard George Suter was to convince the Board of the utility of timber schools and a number were to be erected throughout Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The bypassing of Leyburn by the railways signalled its decline (a common issue for many bypassed towns). In 1868 the Toowoomba to Dalby link on the Western railway line was completed and in 1871 the Toowoomba to Warwick link on the Southern railway line leaving only (yet significantly) the Goondiwindi traffic to pass through Leyburn. In the 1900s that too was destroyed with the building of the South Western railway line known as the Border Fence from Warwick to Goondiwindi (later extended to Dirranbandi).</p><br>
<p>The shingle roofed playshed was erected in 1883 to the west of the school house and teachers residence (erected adjacent to school house by 1877). Tenders for the erection of a playshed at Leyburn school were called in late 1882 by the local school committee according to plans and specification supplied by the Department of Public Instruction. It appears that the specifications may have been altered to allow for hardwood other than ironbark to be used as the committee advised that it was impossible to procure ironbark at the local sawmill.</p><br>
<p>William Clark&#39;s tender of £151 completion in 6 months, although not the lowest, was accepted apparently on the advice of the Superintendent of Buildings who advised that Clark performed excellent work for the Department and is now engaged at erecting a new School at Merritts Creek. He also noted that material must be very difficult to procure at Leyburn as the prices generally are very high. By comparison for example a similar playshed with shingled roof was erected at Kalkie State School in 1879 at the cost of £59.</p><br>
<p>"Playshed" is the name used officially as well as colloquially for these structures. They were commonly associated with early lowset schools and were superseded by the innovation of raising the school buildings on high stumps to provide shelter underneath. More recently however shade structures within the school playground have enjoyed a renaissance. Playsheds were not designed to facilitate any particular game (although the board for the game of "Stones and Glasses" has been engraved on two of benches in the playshed) but rather were more general purpose spaces. In Queensland they were a response to the climate as well as a mechanism for dealing with a fluctuating number of enrolments.</p><br>
<p>Timber flooring was added to the playshed in 1887. The words "All are Welcome" painted on one beam are believed to have been added in the early twentieth century. In 1973 and 1974 the playshed was reshingled with 10,000 iron bark shingles by the Parents and Citizens Association. An outline of the playshed forms the school&#39;s emblem and appears on T-shirts and sweat shirts worn by the children and used on souvenirs for the 125th jubilee.</p><br>
<p>The existing (main) school building was opened on 20 October 1934. Following requests from the school committee and the Leyburn and District Progress Association for a new school and residence, the Public Works Department (who were at this time responsible for the building of schools) reported that the school was still sound but one of the most out-of-date on the Downs. It was recommended that the school and residence be sold for removal and new buildings erected in a different position.</p><br>
<p>The site chosen for the new school and teacher&#39;s residence was on Peter Street. Both buildings were erected by Brisbane contractor DWT Holmes according to types developed by the Public Works Department. The school, costing some £283, was (in contrast to its predecessor) a raised timber building (providing play space under the school) with a single classroom for 40 pupils with verandahs back and front, part of which were enclosed to provide hat rooms. This type of school building (described as E/T1) was constructed between 1930 and 1946 and was a continuation of earlier types developed for country schools, although differing from its predecessors in providing more lighting, a lower pitched roof, and wider classrooms. Unlike the sectional schools built by the Department of Public Instruction (which formed the majority of timber schools erected after 1920), this type was not originally designed for expansion.</p><br>
<p>As a response to both a shortage of teachers and perceived inadequacies in their accommodation (particularly in rural areas), the Department constructed during the 1930s a number of new residences. The residences which provided accommodation for married male headteachers were thus used as an incentive to teach in country areas. In addition they were justified as providing a resident caretaker and cleaner of the site. The teacher&#39;s residence at Leyburn, costing £700, was described as a standard number 3 type (D/R3) but with brick chimney. Constructed between 1929 and 1950, type 3 residences were timber framed buildings clad externally with weather boards except for the verandah walls which were single skinned vertically jointed tongue-and-groove boarding. They contained three bedrooms and were generally highset. Atypically the Leyburn residence is lowset.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the opening of the school, the former school house and residence were sold and removed: the school was purchased by Robert R Colebon and removed to nearby MacIntyre Street where it is still used as a private residence; the teacher&#39;s residence was purchased by Mr T Hutton of Pratten.</p><br>
<p>Since its erection, the school has undergone a number of changes. In 1951 additions costing £544 were undertaken involving the extension of the classroom and verandahs on the northern side of the building; in 1957 part of the eastern verandah was enclosed for use as a library; in 1959 additions costing some £2000 were completed to convert the building into a two classroom school. In 1976 a further addition (to the southern end of the building) included a library and health service room.</p><br>
<p>The school celebrated its 125th anniversary in 1987; in the same year the pool (used regularly by the local community) was opened. In 1995 approximately 40 children were enrolled with the junior school housed in a prefabricated building adjacent to the main building housing class rooms for the upper grades and offices. In 2015, there were 36 students in Years P-6 with 4 teachers (2 full-time equivalent).</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Leyburn is a rural village on the southern reaches of the Darling Downs, some 50 km northwest of Warwick, on the banks of Canal Creek. The school grounds are sited on the western fringe of the township. The school building addresses Peter Street to the west, and nestled behind it beneath a canopy of camphor laurels is the playshed. To the south of the school building is the residence, to the north a demountable classroom block, to the east is the sports field and to the northeast is the tennis court, toilet block, swimming pool and change sheds. There are several silky oak trees to the eastern and western perimeters.</p><br>
<p>The school building has two classrooms used as one, an office, store and staff area. It is a high set timber building with gabled corrugated iron roof. The original classroom is lined with tongue and groove boards, and the newer areas are lined with fibrous cement sheet. To the west is an open verandah with racks for the children&#39;s school bags. There are timber stairs to the front and rear. To the east is a small landing with the original school bell. Underneath is mostly open with remnants of old school furniture.</p><br>
<p>The playshed is a symmetrical open timber structure, which is rectangular in plan. It has a gabled roof framed in large timber sections and clad in hand-split hardwood shingles. There is wide overhang on all four sides, leaving large gablets clad in weatherboard. There are metal ridge and hip cappings. The roof is supported on ten stop-chamferred square posts, about 140mm (6 inch) square, which are bolted to buddy posts of a similar size, all set into the ground. There is triangular strutting to these posts which is also stop-chamferred, but some are replaced and some are missing. There are 120mm. (5") square perimeter roof beams, and 190x70mm. (8"x3") tie-beams. Where the struts are missing, the quality of the workmanship is evident in the precision of the recessed housings. As there is no internal linings, the quality of the timber and the workmanship are plainly evident when inside the structure. The words "All Are Welcome" have been painted on the beam on the north side.</p><br>
<p>There is a raised timber floor, one step above ground level, with 150mm. (6") wide boards. To the perimeter running inside the posts are timber benches, which leave entrance openings to the centre bay to each of the long sides.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Leyburn State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Established in 1862 and on its present site in 1865, the Leyburn State School (then known as the Leyburn Provisional School) is significant as one of the first of the colony of Queensland&#39;s national schools.</p><br>
<p>Together with the other buildings and sites associated with the development of Leyburn in the nineteenth century, Leyburn State School is a symbol of the more prosperous times of the town and of government&#39;s investment in that development.</p><br>
<p>The Playshed, together with the mature trees and (the second) school building and residence (both erected 1934) are important components which collectively demonstrate the development of the school site.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a surviving timber shingled roofed building made more remarkable by the survival of its shingled Leyburn relative, St Augustine&#39;s Anglican Church (1871). Perhaps to a lesser extent, timber framed buildings constructed with large sections of timber carefully jointed are also now uncommon.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The school is an integral part of the Leyburn townscape which presents a remarkably intact example of an early Queensland township which serviced the Darling Downs, Queensland&#39;s first settled and richest agricultural district.</p><br>
<p>Together with playsheds at Brisbane Central State School (1877) and Kalkie State School (1879), the Leyburn Playshed is one of the oldest surviving playsheds, a building type commonly employed in nineteenth century schools.</p><br>
<p>The school building (described as type E/T1) is a variation of an earlier type which continued to be used for small country schools. The residence is an interwar Type 3 teacher&#39;s residence (also described as type D/R3) and is evidence of the continuing departmental policy of the provision of accommodation (for married male head teachers) as an inducement to teach in country areas whilst also providing the school with an onsite caretaker.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Playshed has considerable architectural and aesthetic significance: it is a successful marriage of vernacular form and materials and is both a response to climate and a mechanism for dealing with fluctuating enrolments.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The school has had a long association with the Leyburn community: as both the centre of local education and a focus for community activity.</p><br>
<p>The Playshed erected in 1883 has become an emblem of the school and local community.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The school and residence are significant as examples of building types developed by the Department of Public Works for the Department of Public Instruction.</p><br>
<p>St Augustines Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at Dove Street, Leyburn, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Richard George Suter and built from 1871 to 1918. It is also known as St Augustine&#39;s Church of England. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The settlement on Canal Creek (a tributary of the Condamine River) had grown from the 1840s to service the colonising settlers following the stock route blazed by the Leslie brothers in 1840 to the southern Darling Downs. Known from 1853 as Leyburn, the first sale of allotments was held in 1857 following the survey of the town earlier that year.</p><br>
<p>By 1872 a state school, an Anglican church, Police Station and Court House, two smithies, three stores, a sawmill and the inevitable three hotels made up the straggling wooden town centre along the road to Warwick. The town was described as "always a sleepy little town... whose calm was broken by the brief Canal Creek gold-rush in 1871-2... clothed in dust raised by the slow passage of teams and flocks through the town". Most men were either employed as carriers on the Toowoomba-Goondiwindi road or else worked on nearby stations, rejoining their families at their Leyburn cottages on Saturday night.</p><br>
<p>As one of the Darling Downs droving, drinking, and administrative centres located on the old stock and work-routes, significant government infrastructure was located in the town: from 1852 Leyburn became a postal distribution point for the district with mail services branching out from the town; in 1872 the town was connected to the electric telegraph system becoming an important repeating station between Sydney and Brisbane; in 1861 Leyburn was appointed as a place for the holding of Courts of Petty Sessions, a Police Magistrate was appointed, and a lock-up erected followed in 1867 by a court house; the Leyburn National School opened in 1862.</p><br>
<p>The bypassing of Leyburn by the western railways signalled its (and other similarly bypassed towns&#39;) decline: in 1868 the Toowoomba to Dalby link was completed and in 1871 the Toowoomba to Warwick link, leaving only (yet significantly) the Goondiwindi traffic to pass through Leyburn. In the 1900s that too was destroyed with the building of the South Western railway line known as the Border Fence from Warwick to Goondiwindi (later extended to Dirranbandi).</p><br>
<p>Anglican church services had been held in Leyburn since the 1840s when the Bishop of the newly formed Diocese of Newcastle (of which Queensland, then part of New South Wales was part) sent to the district the man who would become known as the Apostle of the Downs, the Reverend Benjamin Glennie. Early services were held at various locations including public houses and later the Court House. In 1861 the Anglican parish of Leyburn was formed and a parsonage erected on land donated by the Gore family of nearby Yandilla. A church, however, was not erected until 1871.</p><br>
<p>According to contemporary newspaper reports, the building of the church was mainly due to the Bishop of Brisbane (Edward Wyndham Tufnell) who chose Leyburn to be the beneficiary of moneys sent by a number of students of the College of St Augustine in England which were to be expended in the erection of a church in Queensland. The site chosen on the main Warwick Road near the Court House was purchased in 1870 for £4. Tenders for fencing in the English Church ground were accepted soon after; tenders for the erection of the new church were called by architect RG Suter in September. Built of 12" pit-sawn timber with shingled roof, the contractor was John Baillie, the church of St Augustine of Canterbury was dedicated in September 1871 by Bishop Tufnell.</p><br>
<p>Architect Richard George Suter (1827-1894) was responsible for the design of at least ten of some thirty-four churches built during the episcopate of Bishop Tufnell (1859–74) including St Marks Warwick (1867–70) and St James Toowoomba (1868-69) as well as a number of timber churches including St Andrews Lutwyche (1866) and (the first) St Davids Allora (1868). Suter also undertook a considerable amount of work for the Queensland Board of Education. Like his churches, Suter&#39;s early schools used timber with outside studding as a construction technique, an ingenious modification of traditional half-timbered construction developed and popularised by Suter in Queensland. He designed relatively few houses, but residences such as East Talgai (1868) and Jimbour (1873-4) homesteads are some of the most substantial and distinguished ever erected in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Following the decline in importance of Leyburn with the building of the railways, the parish name and centre was changed in 1889 from Leyburn to Pittsworth. To enable the priest (who now travelled from Pittsworth) to stay overnight in Leyburn, a vestry was added to the church in 1918; the timber being supplied by Mr McDonald. The shingles were replaced between 1889 and 1924 and donated by Mr McWilliam. In 1924 the parish of Millmerran was formed of which Leyburn became a part. In 1931, the roof was again reshingled (by Mr T Hutton) with shingles cut by Mr W Lambley of Pratten; reshingling was again carried out in 1993 using ironbark cut from the property of local parishioners Clarrie and Nola Kirby.</p><br>
<p>In 1986 stained glass windows were erected behind the altar. More recently a memorial erected by the local historical society in the grounds of the church to gold miner Dan Bray (died 1901) as a tribute to all the goldminers of Leyburns early history who lie in unmarked graves in unknown places. Weekly services are held at St Augustine&#39;s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Leyburn is a rural village on the southern reaches of the Darling Downs, some 50 km northwest of Warwick, on the banks of Canal Creek. St. Augustine&#39;s Church is located on the north-eastern approach to the village from Toowoomba, Dove Street. The church is timber of outside stud framing on low timber stumps with a steeply pitched gabled roof clad in hardwood shingles. It is reputedly styled on English village churches of the period, expressing many Gothic elements in a vernacular form of construction.The church is positioned centrally within the site, which slopes gently to the east. The nave is orientated east-west, with the chancel at the eastern end and Dove Street to the west. Entrance to the site is through a timber arched gateway with a small pine tree and a short bay of picket fencing to either side. The remainder of the fencing is of timber rails. There are several saplings to the perimeter fence, and a clump of eucalypts to the northern side. To the east of the site is a small weatherboard store, and a memorial to the gold miner Dan Bray under an open shelter also roofed in shingles.</p><br>
<p>The church is a simple rectilinear form, with the chancel to eastern end and the porch to the south of the western end. The addition housing the vestry is to the south-east corner. The wall framing of studs, noggings and bracing is exposed to the exterior of the building, and purposefully arranged as a decorative element which is further emphasised by its contrasting colour. The wall cladding to the interior of the framing is pit-sawn planks of cypress pine, some 250mm (10") wide, laid horizontally. The roof is steeply pitched with gable ends, and a timber bell-cote with spire at the western end. The roof is clad in hand-split hardwood shingles. The entry door from the south porch is a boarded and ledged door with a lancet head, and still furnishing its original bolt and rimlock. Inside, the nave has a special quality of light created by a continuous opening between the top of the walls and the roof framing, to the sides and the gable ends. The tall, narrow windows hand painted with a stipple pattern also contribute to this light. These windows have trefoil heads applied to the outside, giving them a Gothic-like shadow internally. They open by sliding along tracks to the inside of the wall. The floor is of wide raw cypress pine boards, which are hand-scrubbed clean to retain their bleached appearance. The exposed roof framing and trusses have been stained. All the major members are stop chamfered. The trusses feature twisted vertical tie rods. The chancel arch, also of lancet form, is lined with beaded board.</p><br>
<p>The later addition of the vestry is lined with narrow boards. It houses a dresser, washstand, bed, wardrobe, and the bellows organ. Also stored here are the original gas lamps from the roof, and the dedication chalice and plate.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Augustines Anglican Church, Leyburn was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 August 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Augustines Leyburn was erected in 1871 to the design of one of Queenslands most notable architects, RG Suter. Responsible for some of the states most significant residences he also undertook considerable work for the Board of Education as well as the Church of England. His timber buildings in particular for both organisations established a local tradition, albeit without the architectural pretensions of Suters original designs, of timber buildings with outside studding which combined economy, internal finish, and picturesque appearance. Architect also to several churches constructed in stone, it was Suters timber churches such as St Augustines (believed to be his only remaining timber church) which presented a challenge to the theological thinking of the time which viewed timber as an unsuitable material to be used in the construction of the houses of God.</p><br>
<p>Together with other buildings of the nineteenth century particularly of the 1860s and 1870s, St Augustine&#39;s is a symbol of the more prosperous times of Leyburn and an integral part of its townscape which presents a remarkably intact example of an early Queensland township as well as an important representation of the settlement of the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>St Augustine&#39;s is a rare example of a surviving timber shingled roofed building; made more remarkable by the survival of its shingled relative, the playshed at Leyburn State School.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Although reputedly patterned on the form of English village churches, the expression of the timber work and the simplified Gothic motifs give St Augustine&#39;s a delicate lightweight vernacular charm; there is a special quality of the internal light through the eaves and translucent windows.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Together with other buildings of the nineteenth century particularly of the 1860s and 1870s, St Augustine&#39;s is a symbol of the more prosperous times of Leyburn and an integral part of its townscape which presents a remarkably intact example of an early Queensland township as well as an important representation of the settlement of the Darling Downs</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Augustines Leyburn was erected in 1871 to the design of one of Queenslands most notable architects, RG Suter.</p><br>
<p>Burndale is a heritage-listed detached house at Cutmore&#39;s Road, Swan Creek, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Warrenilla. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Burndale was built at Swan Creek, near Warwick, for Timothy Murphy and Peter McGuckin, early European occupants of the Swan Creek district.</p><br>
<p>The Swan Creek district, situated about 11 klms from Warwick, was known as the Agricultural Reserve and comprised a tract of fertile country wedged in between extensive pastoral holdings. Early settlers arriving at Swan Creek during the 1860s were successful in having the district surveyed and offered for sale in agricultural farm areas. The land on which Burndale stands originally comprised 38 acres, and was selected under section 4 of the Agricultural Reserves Act 1863, the intent of which was to facilitate the acquisition of land for the purposes of agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Burndale was erected with the aim of obtaining a license and conducting the premises as a hotel. This intention never materialised, and Burndale has always been used as a private residence. Burndale was constructed of locally quarried sandstone, carted by John Deveney of Yangan.</p><br>
<p>McGuckin acquired the whole property and half the adjoining block in 1877. McGuckin was a keen horse racing enthusiast and established a racecourse on the property adjacent to his home. On race days the balcony of McGuckin&#39;s home which overlooked the racecourse, served as a grandstand for spectators to watch the racing events.</p><br>
<p>On McGuckin&#39;s death in 1883, the property was transferred to Samuel Cutmore, with whom McGuckin had taken out a mortgage on the property in 1878. The Cutmore family was another of the early European families in the area. Cutmore took out a number of subsequent mortgages on the property until his death in 1915, when the property passed to his children.</p><br>
<p>The property remained in the Cutmore family until 1974, when the property was acquired by Ian and Sarah McMaster, who changed the name of the property to Warrenilla. The present owners acquired the property in 1976, and it reverted to the former name of Burndale.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Burndale is a two-storeyed sandstone house with timber verandahs and a corrugated iron roof. It dominates a gently undulating, sparsely treed landscape, rising above a cluster of immediately surrounding trees. It has a simple square-shaped plan, with verandahs on all sides, shaded by a curved corrugated iron awning. A pyramid roof rises above the awning, with substantial brick chimneys to the north and the south. The verandahs have been enclosed with weatherboard to part of the northern elevation, all of the western elevation, and most of the southern elevation.</p><br>
<p>The verandah is supported with chamfered square posts with shaped brackets and battened valances. The unenclosed sections of the verandah have cast iron balustrades and valances. Grape vines grow around the base of the house, on wires strung between the verandah posts.</p><br>
<p>The upper level has glazed timber French doors leading onto the verandah, the lower level has timber sliding sash windows and timber doors. The sandstone is square-snecked coursed, and has been recently repointed. The north-west corner of the house has a corrugated iron wash house incorporated into the base of a water tank on tall timber stumps.</p><br>
<p>The garden contains many mature trees, including olive trees fruit trees, cypress pines and a she-oak.</p><br>
<p>The building is an unusual example of a two-storeyed sandstone house, and the exterior is intact and in good condition.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Burndale was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Burndale is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, in particular the settlement of agricultural reserves in the Darling Downs area.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>As an example of an 1860s two-storeyed rural sandstone residence, Burndale demonstrates uncommon aspects of Queensland&#39;s heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Further, Burndale demonstrates the principal characteristics of a sandstone house in the Warwick district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Burndale exhibits particular aesthetic characteristics valued by the community, in particular its contribution to the landscape of the Swan Creek district.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Burndale has special association with the McGuckin and Cutmore families, both early European residents of the Swan Creek district.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road is a heritage-listed road at Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park , Tregony, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1859 to 1865. It is also known as Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park and Spicers Peak Road. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During his exploration of the Brisbane River with surveyor John Oxley in 1824, explorer Allan Cunningham had observed the Dividing Range to the south-west. In 1827, Cunningham led a party to explore the land beyond this range, approaching from the south and inland, from New England. Leaving the Hunter River in April 1827, Cunningham made the first recorded European discovery of the Darling Downs, along Glengallen Creek, on 5 June 1827.</p><br>
<p>On 11 June 1827, Cunningham identified a possible dray route (later known as Spicers Gap) through the Dividing Range to the coast. Cunningham returned to Sydney where he reported to Governor Ralph Darling on the quality of the country, the timber and the potential for an access route to Moreton Bay. In 1828, Cunningham returned to Moreton Bay to search for the pass through the Great Dividing Range, he travelled south-west from Ipswich and discovered Cunninghams Gap in the Great Dividing Range on 21 August 1828. Although Cunningham suspected that the newly identified pass was not the same one which he had discovered in 1827 (Spicers Gap), a search further north failed to find the other pass and he returned to Cunninghams Gap, which he then incorrectly assumed must have been the pass he identified in 1827.</p><br>
<p>Cunningham reported to the New South Wales Government on the economic significance of the pass which connected the coast lands with the extensive pastoral country to the west, however, it was not until the late 1830s and early 1840s that pastoralists began to explore the potential of the Darling Downs.</p><br>
<p>The Leslie Brothers settled the grazing lands of the southern Downs in 1840. Other squatters soon followed. Darling Downs pastoralists were faced with an expensive 800 kilometre trip to Maitland to carry wool to port and return with suppliers to the stations. A direct route to the Moreton Bay settlement was needed. Leslie and Hodgson were able to obtain permits from Sir George Gipps, the Governor, in 1840 to have supplies sent to Brisbane; however, they still had problems with getting their stores from Brisbane over the Dividing Range to the Darling Downs. Cunninghams Gap proved almost impassable to heavy vehicles and other dray routes to the coast were sought. Alternative routes over the range included Gormans Gap near the headwaters of Hodgsons Creek, and Hodgsons Gap via Drayton.</p><br>
<p>Squatters in the Warwick district continued to search for a southern pass through the range, and in April 1847, Henry Alphen rediscovered the pass identified by Cunningham in 1827, between Mount Mitchell and Spicers Peak. Spicers Peak was named by Cunningham after Peter Beaucierk Spicer, a superintendent of convicts at Moreton Bay, who discovered the mountain while looking for convicts who had escaped from the Moreton Bay penal settlement. Mount Mitchell was named after the explorer, Thomas Mitchell. The pass, subsequently known as Spicers Gap, was about 4 kilometres south of Cunninghams Gap.</p><br>
<p>The discovery was announced in the Moreton Bay Courier, through which an appeal for construction of a road through Spicers Gap was launched. Little public support was forthcoming and squatters Patrick Leslie and Fred Bracker put up most of the money to clear the road and lay a "corduroy" or pine log surface. By early August, two drays had travelled to Ipswich using the new road, saving three days and approximately 100 kilometres.</p><br>
<p>Around this time, licensed inns began catering for travellers and two inns were constructed along the new road, Balbis at Clumber and the Main Range Hotel near the pioneer cemetery in the Main Range National Park. Alphen was rewarded for his discovery of the route through Spicers Gap by the New South Wales authorities and he built a public house. The building was weatherboard with a shingle roof, including kitchen, stables, stockyards and paddocks. Known as Alphens Inn or the Woolpack Inn, the licence was taken over by William Jubb in 1851. After 12 years of occupation however, the inn was dismantled in 1858, owing to disputes over land ownership.</p><br>
<p>In the 1850s, further attempts were made to upgrade the road. Edward Moss was contracted to upgrade a section of the road to the east of Governors Chair using logs as foundation. The corduroy road soon collapsed making the road even more difficult to use. Although Moss did not complete his contract, the fresh water spring, known as Mosss Well, is named after him. By 1857, a team of up to 60 bullocks were need to haul a wool-laden dray through difficult sections of scrub. The New South Wales Legislative Assembly considered internal communications in the Moreton Bay District in 1856-57. In 1856, the District was granted £3500 for road works.</p><br>
<p>By January 1859, the New South Wales government was considering further work to Spicers Peak Road. The Minister for Public Works (NSW) authorised expenditure of £1200 for construction work on the road. The work was unfinished at December 1859 and from this point on, the road became the responsibility of the new Government of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>An early action of the Queensland Parliament was to appoint a Select Committee, consisting of Messrs Buckley (Chairman), Moffatt, Watts, Haly, Broughton, Raff, Taylor and Thorn, to inquire into the internal communications of the colony. Also called to give evidence at the committee were FE Roberts, the Surveyor of Roads and Augustus Charles Gregory, the Surveyor-General. Roberts favoured the use of Cunningham&#39;s Gap for the Ipswich to Warwick Road, and considered that sufficient money should be spent on Spicers Peak Road only to render it passable until a decision about a new line of road was made.</p><br>
<p>The government decided to have both passes more closely examined. On 25 August 1860, Surveyor Austin reported to Gregory upon the eligibility of Spicers Peak pass and the ineligibility of Cunninghams Gap. Austin stated that "...the surveying and levelling of the line I have selected will occupy me about a month, so that at the close of the period or about the end of September, I shall be open for another duty". On 6 October 1860, Austin informed Gregory, from the Survey Camp at Spicers Peak that "I have surveyed and levelled the...new line proposed through Spicers Peak Pass".</p><br>
<p>Between 1860 and 1865 a properly designed and engineered road was completed. Much of the road which remains was built under the direction of Robert Austin, surveyor and later Engineer of Works. Henry Clinton, Clerk of Works, supervised a construction of up to 90 labourers.</p><br>
<p>Stone pitching was used in steeper sections of the road. Large stones were packed carefully by hand, smaller stones were then wedged between to form a heavy-duty road surface. In other sections, consolidated broken stone or "road metal" was used as foundation and surface. This design, sometimes known as "macadamising", was developed by John MacAdam, a British engineer. "Corduroy roads" were also utilised in places, possibly the result of repairs to boggy sections of the road by bullock drivers. With corduroy roads, logs were laid side by side to form a solid foundation. In 1854, Nehemiah Bartley describing the Spicers Peak corduroy road wrote: "...the place was naturally a bottomless morass, full of springs; the logs had rotted in the middle...It was an awful place for a horse, bullock or vehicle of any kind to face...A dense wall of scrub on each hand prevented escape...A man, on foot, could, by treading on the roots of the tree, get along, but a saddle horse or bullock team, could not do this."</p><br>
<p>Drainage was a vital aspect of Austins design, consequently, drains up to one metre in depth occur on both sides of the road. On steep slopes, the roadway was cut into the side of the hill to form a "benched" road, however, benched roads cut into hillsides sometimes posed drainage problems. Water from the side drain on the high side was directed across the road by diversionary embankments known as "whoaboys". Inverted sections or shallow drains directed water across the road and slowed the flow to stop erosion. The name "whoaboy" is said to be derived from the drivers command to the horses approaching the banks.</p><br>
<p>Austin&#39;s improvements allowed a change from bullock teams to horse teams. Heavy traffic used the Gap briefly in the 1860s but this was to be short-lived. With the coming of the railway to Warwick from Brisbane via Toowoomba in 1871, Spicers Gap Road was virtually abandoned. Heavy haulage by railways proved to be much more efficient than the slow haulage undertaken by drays and teamsters.</p><br>
<p>Following the establishment of local government in 1879, responsibility for roadworks was transferred to the Boonah and Glengallan Divisional Boards. The turn of the century period brought depression, drought and floods. The road did not produce rate revenues for the shires and, consequently, little was spent on maintenance. Interest was revived after 1910 with the development of the motor car and recreational driving. Shire Councils were lobbied to repair the road, but it was not always passable. on the road at Spicers Gap, 1923In 1925-27, communities from the Darling Downs and Fassifern Valley combined to build a road through Cunninghams Gap. Debate followed regarding whether the alternative route would go through Cunningham or Spicers Gaps. In 1935, the Cunninghams Gap route was upgraded by the Main Roads Commission to a highway.</p><br>
<p>Until 1973, Spicers Gap Road carried the main telegraph link between Brisbane and New South Wales. In 1861 the single iron wire telegraph line was built establishing the first telegraph link between New South Wales and Queensland. The section over Spicers Gap Road linked up the first telegraph station at Fassifern Reserve with the station at Tregony, on the Darling Downs side. An additional line was added in 1866 between Brisbane and Stanthorpe via Ipswich, Fassifern, Spicers Gap and Warwick. In 1905, five telegraph wires formed the line. During the 1920s the iron wires were replaced with copper. The telegraph line ceased operations in 1973 and was removed in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road was maintained until the Cunningham Highway was completed. Governor&#39;s Chair became a popular spot for picnickers in the 1930s and 1940s and this continues today. Spicers Gap Road was officially opened, as an historic road, by the Minister for Transport and the Minister for Environment on 23 August 1992. The historic road was declared a Conservation Park in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Located partly within Main Range National Park, Spicers Gap Road passes through the Great Dividing Range about four kilometres south of Cunninghams Gap. The length of road contained with Main Range National Park measures approximately 4500 metres long. Approximately 1600 metres of Spicers Gap Road has been declared as the Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park. The section of road within the conservation park is forty metres wide the entire length of the park, and is located between Governors Chair (Devils Elbow) and the western boundary of the park.</p><br>
<p>Technological features exist in the form of different road surfaces used to solve various problems encountered during construction. Surfaces include macadamised surfacing; corduroy surfacing exists in two areas, 560 metres and 765 metres west of Devil&#39;s Elbow; stone pitching exists in a number of places, many in excellent condition.</p><br>
<p>Engineering features exist in the form of inverts, whoaboys and a diversionary drainage system. The remains of a whoaboy is located 868 metres west of Devils Elbow. Over one kilometre of the road is benched as it runs across the slope of the mountain. Some of the original pick and chisel marks occur on a section of basement rock on the road 65 metres west of Devils Elbow.</p><br>
<p>There are a number of other features associated with the road, including stone extraction quarries, side cuttings, a system of catch drains and culverts occurring along the entire length of the roadway. Catch drains average about 50-75 centimetres in width and 20-25 centimetres in depth. Some of the drains are stone pitched.</p><br>
<p>The road has suffered from the activities of four-wheel driving with damage to some of the culverts and to the adjacent metalled and stone road surfaces. Approximately 1100 metres of the road are in fair to excellent condition. Many of the associated features are in good to excellent condition. The remains of telegraph poles, insulators and wire can be found following the route of Spicers Gap Road.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 July 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1847, with major work dating from the 1860s, Spicers Gap Road demonstrates the evolution of Queensland&#39;s transport system, and is significant as one of the first major public works of the new Queensland colony following separation from New South Wales. From the 1850s to the 1870s, Spicers Gap Road was important as the major transport route from the Southern Darling Downs to Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road is also significant as the site of the telegraph line that carried the interstate and telephonic traffic for 112 years from 1861 to 1973. The line was the first telegraph line to run from Brisbane to Sydney and determined the direction of southerly traffic.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road is significant for its association with surveyor and engineer, Robert Austin, who oversaw the major construction of the road during the 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Designed with gently sweeping curves and low gradients to cater for the heavy transport of the day, Spicers Gap Road is a rare extant example of the application of engineering from the 1860s. Engineering features, including a system of catch drains and culverts occurring along the entire length of the roadway, demonstrate technological achievement.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road is significant as it has potential to reveal more information about nineteenth century engineering techniques.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Located within the Main Range National Park, Spicers Gap Road is important for its aesthetic significance and in some areas it retains the ability to promote a sense of remoteness and ruggedness.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>Designed with gently sweeping curves and low gradients to cater for the heavy transport of the day, Spicers Gap Road is a rare extant example of the application of engineering from the 1860s. Engineering features, including a system of catch drains and culverts occurring along the entire length of the roadway, demonstrate technological achievement.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Spicers Gap Road is significant for its association with the community of the surrounding area. Spicers Gap Road is well-known to all residents and is a popular tourist destination.</p><br>
<p>Aberfoyle is a heritage-listed detached house at 35 Wood Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by architect Hugh Hamilton Campbell and built from 1910 to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 1996. It is also listed on the Southern Downs Local Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Aberfoyle, a residence in Wood Street, Warwick was constructed in 1910 to the design of local architect, Hugh Hamilton Campbell for local dentist Peter Alexander Affleck.</p><br>
<p>Warwick was established as an administrative centre of the emerging Darling Downs regions in 1847, with a post office being established in the town in 1848. This year saw the first survey work of the embryonic town completed by surveyor, James Charles Burnett, with further surveys in 1850, and the first sale of crown land in July 1850. On 25 May 1861 Warwick was granted the status of a municipality (the Borough of Warwick). Throughout the 1860s and with the introduction of a rail link to Toowoomba in 1871 Warwick was consolidated as a small municipal centre.</p><br>
<p>Warwick continued to grow as the service centre of the southern Darling Downs and by the 1910s consolidation of the town occurred with many substantial commercial, religious and residential buildings constructed. Barnes & Co, a local trading company, built a large department store in Palmerin Street; the local Roman Catholic community thought that a larger church was required to accommodate the growing population though this was not built until the late 1920s; full scale redevelopment of the Warwick railway station was undertaken and the commercial core of Warwick was consolidated.</p><br>
<p>Aberfoyle was built in 1910 on land to the south east of the core of the town near Slade Park. The area near this land was developing as a result of the subdivision of the Cornwall Estate into building allotments giving impetus there for closer settlement. Contemporary newspaper reports describe the area in which Aberfoyle was built as this portion of town where such a large amount of building progress has been recently made.</p><br>
<p>According to the titles information on the property, the land on which Aberfoyle was built was first acquired by Deed of Grant by Matilda Blewett on 26 April 1859. The titles suggest that Peter Affleck (Snr), a member of a prominent local saw-milling family acquired the property in November 1882. Affleck died in June 1886 leaving the property to his widow Anne Affleck. Peter Alexander Affleck, the son of the Anne and Peter snr, acquired the property on 19 August 1910. Peter Alexander was trained as a dentist and ran a dental practice from his surgery in Palmerin Street. Until 1910 a Miss Jessie L Affleck, presumably a relative of Mr Peter Affleck, is listed in the Queensland Post Office Directories as living at Freestone Creek. From 1911 she and Peter Affleck are listed as living in Wood Street, presumably in Aberfoyle.</p><br>
<p>The house was constructed for £948 by contractor, Ludwig August Tessman to the design of local architect, Hugh Hamilton Campbell. Campbell had been working in Warwick, variously as a cabinet maker and contractor, before practicing as an architect from about 1897, in which business his son, Roderick Hamilton Campbell, joined him as partner in about 1909. Campbell snr designed a cottage, Westhall, for a Mrs P Affleck in Freestone Creek, the mother of Peter Alexander and this may be the house in which Jessie L is listed as living until her move to Aberfoyle.</p><br>
<p>When construction was finished the two local newspapers wrote lengthy descriptions of the house. Aberfoyle was constructed as a six roomed timber residence with a central hallway from the main entrance off Wood Street. The hallway was divided by a glass door separating the entrance from the rear portion, off which access was given to a bathroom housing a sunken bath. The floor of the bathroom was covered with lead and the walls were clad to dado height with small gauge corrugated iron sheets. The painting was completed by local painter, Mr Donald Crawford and the plumbing by Mr E Morrison.</p><br>
<p>Aberfoyle was transferred to a William Tindal Scrymgeour in January 1927 and he lived there until his death in December 1929. The house was known as Aberfoyle throughout his occupation. Subsequently the house changed hands many times during the century. A breakfast room was added to the northern end of Aberfoyle between 1918 and 1927. Other additions were made after this. Conservation work has been an ongoing concern of the present owners who bought Aberfoyle in 1993; frieze stencils have been uncovered and repainted, joinery has been wood grained and restorative work has been done to the entrance pathway from Wood Street.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Aberfoyle is a single-storeyed chamferboard residence with a corrugated iron hipped roof with projecting gables, a bullnosed verandah to the south, southeast and southwest, and timber stumps. The building is located on a level corner site fronting Wood Street to the south and Albion Street (the Cunningham Highway) to the west.</p><br>
<p>The entry, facing Wood Street to the south, is symmetrical in elevation and is composed of a central timber stair leading to the verandah, surmounted by a gable to the roof above, and flanked on either side by projecting five-sided corner bays on the southwest and southeast. Gables project above the corner bays, with the verandahs encircling them in plan. The western elevation has a central projecting gable, to which the verandah is terminated, with the kitchen wing projecting to the north. The rear of the building has enclosed verandahs, and a large single-storeyed addition on the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The roof has timber eave brackets and a central ventilator, and the projecting gables have timber finials and diagonal boarding over pressed sheeting. The verandahs have timber posts with timber capitals, timber handrails and cast iron balustrades to the projecting bay sections and entry, and cast iron brackets. The verandahs also have unusual lattice screens which consist of scalloped timber lattice which gives a star-like pattern. A brick chimney stack is located mid-way above an internal wall on the western side of the building, and the rear kitchen wing shows evidence of alterations to windows and an early addition to the northern end. The western elevation has decorative window hoods consisting of cast iron brackets with corrugated iron hood and timber sides, and the central window hood has a gable with finial.</p><br>
<p>The building has sash windows, French doors with patterned glass panels and fanlights opening onto verandahs, and decorative leadlight sash windows to the projecting southwest and southeast corner bays. These windows have leadlight, in a geometric pattern, to the bottom panel only. The main entry door assembly consists of a central door with solid bottom panel and leadlight upper panels, and leadlight panels to the fanlight and sidelights featuring a floral design.</p><br>
<p>Internally, Aberfoyle has six rooms opening off a central corridor with a kitchen wing at the rear. The front two guest rooms have curtained off projecting corner bays with leadlight windows and cedar frames, with the southwest bay containing a photographic image of a picturesque railway line in a bush location (possibly on the Cairns- Kuranda or the Spring Bluff rail line) set within a glass panel in the centre of a leadlight window. The southeast bay has a textured glass panel in place of a similar image which was originally located there.</p><br>
<p>Aberfoyle has ornate pressed metal ceilings and cornices, woodgraining to internal doors with fretwork panels above, and stencilled friezes, with a portion of the original frieze surviving intact in the entry foyer. Internal walls are lined with vertically jointed boards, and some early changes involving doorways and partition walls are evident in the fabric. The entry foyer has an arched timber opening to the narrower hall beyond, and the two middle bedrooms have early linoleum floor coverings.</p><br>
<p>The living/dining room has a non-original timber fireplace surround, and the chimney has been sealed. A timber door with textured glass upper panels provides access to the adjacent kitchen, but is not in its original position. The northeast bedroom retains the upper portion of a partition wall which originally separated a former adjacent bathroom which contained a sunken bath. A recently constructed bathroom is located adjacent in the northeast corner of the enclosed verandah.</p><br>
<p>A timber door with coloured glass upper panels, fanlight and sidelights, separates the hall from the enclosed rear verandah. The rear kitchen wing has undergone several changes, including the kitchen being refitted, but retains the upper portion of a partition wall which originally separated a maids room. The early addition on the northern end contains a study with working fireplace, and an internal bathroom has been constructed within the inside corner of the enclosed rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>A large single-storeyed addition has been constructed on the northeast, and contains living spaces and a garage. A deck has been constructed on the northwest, and an inground swimming pool is located on the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The grounds include three large Camphor Laurel trees along the Albion Street frontage, and terracotta tiled paths lead from the front gate to the entrance off Wood Street, and a side path from Albion Street to the verandah near the living/dining room. The paths have Marseilles tiles with edgings in a cabled design, also referred to as a rope or barley-twist design, and the entrance path has been reconstructed in places with tiles from the side path.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Aberfoyle was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 August 1996 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1910, Aberfoyle is a substantial timber house which demonstrates the growth of this area of Warwick during the 1910s; a period of commercial and social expansion for the town, following closer settlement.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The decorative architectural composition of this substantially intact residence, along with its surrounding plantings and quality fittings and finishes, makes an important aesthetic contribution to the local streetscape and Warwick townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Aberfoyle is of importance as it was designed for Peter Alexander Affleck by local architect Hugh Hamilton Campbell who previously designed Westhall, a property at Freestone Creek, for Affleck&#39;s mother.</p><br>
<p>The Boynton Street Historic District encompasses three historic Federal-period houses between 13 and 26 Boynton Street in Eastport, Maine. Built between 1810 and 1920, these well-preserved buildings represent the finest concentration of their type in easternmost Maine. They were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The three Boynton Street houses are located on the east side of Eastport, just off Water Street, its traditional principal business street. Two are on the north side of the street just east of Kilby Street, and the third is on the south side to its west. All three houses are wood frame structures two stories in height, with hip roofs, interior chimneys, and wood clapboard siding. They each have facades that are five bays wide, with a center entrance, and have interiors that retain a high degree of original Federal period woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The Jonathan Weston House is the oldest of the three, built in 1810 by a prominent local lawyer. It is distinguished from the others by its entrance, which is topped by a round-arch fanlight and is framed by narrow pilasters and an entablature. This house was where John James Audubon stayed before is trip to Labrador. The Kilby House was built in 1820 by Daniel Kilby, a ship owner. It has a larger round-arch transom over the entrance, with fluted pilasters and a full entablature. The third house was built by Gideon Stetson for Ebenezer Starboard, and was completed in 1823. Its entry has a fanlight transom, and is sheltered by an Italianate hood that is a later 19th-century modification.</p><br>
<p>Fort San Jose is a former Spanish fortification on the island of Guam, now a United States territory. It is located north of the village of Umatac, on a hill over looking both Fouha Bay and Umatac Bay, the place were Spanish galleons traveling between Manila in the Spanish Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico stopped for water and supplies.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fort was built about 1802 under the administration of Vicente Blanco, Governor of the Marianas.</p><br>
<p>The route which the fort protected fell out of use in 1815 with Mexican independence, and it has been ruins since the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The fort site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The surviving foundational elements of the fort shape a wide semicircle, whose walls were about 2 ft thick at the base, and now rise in places to a height of 4 ft. The remains of a watchtower stands 36 ft southeast of the fort; its surviving walls rise to a height of about 5 ft.</p><br>
<p>Trincomalee Bay, also known as Koddiyar Bay, is a bay in the Eastern Province, Sri Lanka.</p><br>
<p>The bay is located by Trincomalee town on the north-east coast of the island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Trincomalee Bay is open towards the northeast and has three differentiated parts. The main bay, also known as Koddiyar Bay, is located in the south and southeastern side and fairly regularly shaped, as well as enclosed and deep, forming a large natural harbour in the shores of the Indian Ocean. The commercial harbour is located in the 5 km long and 4 km wide northern indentation, also known as China Bay, on whose western side lies China Bay Airport. Tambalagam Bay is a mostly shallow western indentation of the main bay stretching westwards for 8 km.</p><br>
<p>The bay is overlooked by terraced hills in the NW and its entrance is guarded by two headlands.</p><br>
<p>Trincomalee Bay has a length of 13 km and a width of 10 km, while the mouth of the bay is 5 km wide.</p><br>
<p>The bay includes a few islands: Round Island, Elephant Island and Clappenburg Island in the main bay, and Great Sober Island and Little Sober Island in China Bay. The latter two are Wildlife sanctuaries</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Trincomalee Harbour, formerly a naval base of the Royal Navy, was taken over by the Sri Lankan Government in 1956 to be developed as a Commercial Port. The base in Trincomalee was fitted out to perform slipway repairs for the Sri Lanka Navy.</p><br>
<p>The Waxhaw Historic District is a national historic district located at Waxhaw, Union County, North Carolina. It encompasses 93 contributing buildings, 3 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the central business district and surrounding residential sections of Waxhaw. The district developed between about 1888 and 1940 and includes notable examples of Commercial Style, Queen Anne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the former Post Office , Harriss store , Tyson Store , A.W. Heath Co. Mill , R.J. Belk Company Store , A.W. Heath Company Stores , Weir Building , Plyler Building , Farmers Ginning & Trading Company , McDonald Hotel , Waxhaw Presbyterian Church , Duncan McDonald House , and Ralph J. Belk House .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Maria Parham Hospital, Inc., now known as the Maria Parham Medical Center is a private, full-service regional hospital in Henderson, North Carolina that is part of LifePoint Health.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hospital was founded in 1925 by five Henderson physicians. It was initially operated as a stock company for profit. The five doctors who founded this early Maria Parham were H.A. Newell, R.T. Upchurch, T.S. Royster, B.G. Allen, and A.P. Newcomb. The 27-bed facility opened its doors on July 1, 1926 with 10 patients, six of whom were transferred from Sarah Elizabeth Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Maria Parham Hospital was named after Mrs. Maria Southerland Parham, who was married to Samuel Jones Parham, a captain in the USA Army. Mr. Parham died at a very young age and left his wife with 7 children. Her sons, one in particular named Sabat Southerland Parham, made significant contributions of money and furnishings to the buildings construction in his mothers memory.</p><br>
<p>In May 1931, the Maria Parham Hospital Association was incorporated by five members of the community and leased from its owners to operate it as a non-profit organization. An addition was built onto the hospital in 1943, which increased its bed capacity to 44. In January 1944, the Association purchased the hospital from its owners for $100,000, and it continues to be operated today as a non-stock, not-for-profit organization, governed by a volunteer Board of Directors.</p><br>
<p>By 1960, Maria Parham Hospital was finding itself severely pinched for space. It was estimated that more than $1.5 million could be spent to renovate the old hospital and to increase its capacity to 80 beds. However, it would still be an old building in a congested area and would continue to lack the services and convenience needed. A modern, new 100-bed hospital could be built for $1.8 million which would house all the modern facilities and would lend itself to future expansion. A site west of Henderson for the new hospital was given in 1962 by the heirs to the estate of Mr. and Mrs. James H. Brodie. The new 102-bed hospital, as it stood upon opening on November 4, 1965, cost roughly $2.25 million to build and another quarter million to equip. The "new" Maria Parham also represented the beginning of desegregated hospitals in Henderson.</p><br>
<p>A number of modifications and additions have been made to Maria Parham over the years, including a name change in 2005 to Maria Parham Medical Center. The J.W. Jenkins, Sr. Medical Services Building was constructed in 1974; the John T. Church Building was added in 1990 and the Brodie Waddill Wing was completed in 1997. In 2005, Maria Parham added a new patient tower and remodeled much of the existing hospital at a cost of over $50 million.</p><br>
<p>In November 2011, Maria Parham Medical Center was acquired by Duke LifePoint, a joint venture between Duke and LifePoint Hospitals (Brentwood, TN) in an innovative joint venture between Duke LifePoint and MPMC. MPMC was the first hospital in the country to commit to this type of concept.</p><br>
<h2>Present status</h2><br>
<p>Today, Maria Parham Medical Center, a Duke LifePoint hospital, is a private, full-service regional hospital serving the people of north central North Carolina and Southside Virginia. With a team of more than 150 physicians and 700 clinical and support staff, Maria Parham offers a wide range of services and the latest technology to meet the healthcare needs of the community. Maria Parham, located in Henderson, NC, is fully accredited by both The Joint Commission and CMS.</p><br>
<p>The hospital was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994.</p><br>
<p>The Cogburn Dipping Vat is a historic former cattle dipping facility in Ouachita National Forest, west of Black Spring, Arkansas. It is located about 19 m west of Forest Road 73 and south of a perennial stream. It is a U-shaped concrete structure, with a distinctive curved shape that matches the contours of the terrain, with a concrete pad at one end. The total length of the structure is about 13 m. It was built between 1930 and 1940 as part of a state program to eradicate Texas tick fever from the states cattle. The vats name derives from the Cogburn, who homesteaded a farm in the area, and probably built the vat to serve their needs and those of other nearby farmers.</p><br>
<p>The vat was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The Royal Brewster House is a historic house on Brewster Lane in the Buxton Lower Corner village of Buxton, Maine, United States. Built in 1805, it is an imposing Federal style house in a relatively rural setting. It was built for Dr. Royal Brewster, the town physician for about 40 years, and was the home for many years of Brewster&#39;s brother John, a well-known deaf-mute itinerant painter of folk portraiture. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Brewster House is set on the north side of Brewster Lane, a short road that forms a triangular island with Maine State Route 112 and United States Route 202. It is a two-story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a low-pitch hip roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. The main facade has a center entry, which is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a recessed arch. This is sheltered by a Greek Revival portico, with square columns at the front and pilasters at the rear. The cornice features fine Federal style decorative carving. To the rear of the house a two-story ell extends, joining the main house to a carriage house and barn. The house interior features restrained Federal period woodwork throughout, and a parlor decorated with French wallpaper in 1859.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1805 by Joseph Woodman, a prominent local builder and businessman. It was built for Dr. Royal Brewster, who had married a Buxton native in 1795 and settled there. Brewster served as the town doctor for about forty years, and provided space in the home for his brother John. John was born a deaf-mute, and was educated despite the handicap, and made a career for himself as an itinerant painter of portraits. He traveled widely practicing his art, and his work is highly regarded.</p><br>
<p>The Buxton Powder House is a historic military storage magazine in Buxton, Maine. Built in 1813, this small brick building housed the community&#39;s military supplies during the War of 1812, and is one of three such structures to survive in the state. It is located in a field off Long Plains Road near the center of the town. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Buxton Powder Magazine is a small brick building, about 10 x in size, with a pyramidal roof and a granite foundation. It stands in a wooded area, about 250 m west of Long Plains Road (Maine State Route 22). Its walls are about 1 ft thick. A heavy wooden door is attached via two wrought iron hinges. The walls of the interior are lined with wooden shelves.</p><br>
<p>After the War of 1812 broke out in March 1812, the town voted to construct a magazine for the storage of its military supplies, which had been held in a private residence. This building was completed in 1813 by Theodore Elwell for $59, and was used to house the town supply of gunpowder, lead ball, flints, and other supplies. It is only one of three such town-built structures in the state; the others are in Hallowell and Wiscasset.</p><br>
<p>Henderson Central Business Historic District is a national historic district located at Henderson, Vance County, North Carolina. It encompasses 91 contributing buildings and 1 contributing structure in the central business district of Henderson. The district developed between about 1881 and 1937 and includes notable examples of Romanesque Revival and Classical Revival architecture styles. Located in the district are the separately listed Henderson Fire Station and Municipal Building, Vance County Courthouse, and Zollicoffers Law Office. Other notable buildings include the  First National Bank , Davis Department Store , P. H. Rose Building , Gaston Railroad Depot , Pogues Tobacco Works , J, A. Kelly Tobacco Prizehouse ,  H. Leslie Perry Public Library ,  United States Post Office  designed by the Office of the Supervising Architect under James Knox Taylor, O&#39;Neil Building , First United Methodist Church , Holy Innocents Episcopal Church , and First Presbyterian Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.</p><br>
<p>The John Rains House is a historic house located at 7869 Vineyard Avenue in Rancho Cucamonga, California. The house was built in 1860-61 after John Rains purchased the Rancho Cucamonga land grant in 1858. The brick house featured its own cooling system, which used ducts to send creek water under the house. John Rains was a prominent businessman and socialite who opened Californias first commercial winery, and his house hosted lavish parties for other local elites. Rains fortunes soon took a turn for the worse, though; he had to mortgage the house after several business failings, and in 1862 he was murdered. Maria Merced Williams, Rains wife and inheritor of the rancho, attempted to maintain her lifestyle after Rains death, but the rancho was gradually parceled out until she lost the entire property in the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 24, 1973. It is currently open to the public as a historic house museum and is a branch site of the San Bernardino County Museum.</p><br>
<p>Our Lady of Assumption Convent is a heritage-listed former Roman Catholic convent at 8 Locke Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Simkin & Ibler and built from 1891 to 1914. It is also known as Assumption College, Cloisters, and Sophia College. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Our Lady of the Assumption Convent was built in 1892-3 as the second convent of the Sisters of Mercy in Warwick. Additions in 1904 completed the original plans of Brisbane architects, Simkin and Ibler.</p><br>
<p>The township of Warwick was declared a municipality in 1861, and prior to this was a developed centre of Darling Downs agriculture with the first land sales in 1850, and the establishment of the Horse and Jockey Inn in December 1848. In 1854 Roman Catholic services, like many other religious and social gatherings held in Warwick, began in the Horse and Jockey Inn. Father McGinty, one of only two Catholic priests in Queensland, travelled from Ipswich to celebrate mass. In 1862, Warwick became a separate parish of the church and Dr John Cani was appointed as the parish priest.</p><br>
<p>An order of the Sisters of Mercy was founded in Warwick on October 29, 1874, thirteen years after the Sisters first arrived in Queensland, from Ireland with Bishop James Quinn. The Warwick community was the fifth branch house that the Sisters of Mercy established in Queensland, from the mother house at All Hallows in Brisbane. The Sisters acquired their first convent in a brick cottage at the corner of Albion and Percy Streets, Warwick, and immediately took over the running of the catholic school, operated by the Missus OMara since 1867.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters remained in the cottage for nineteen years when, after many years of planning, their new convent was ready for occupation in 1893. The site, on Locke Street, was chosen by Bishop Quinn and purchased by the Sisters on August 27, 1877 from Edward Collins, who acquired the original Deed of Grant on February 1, 1854.</p><br>
<p>Several plans were submitted for consideration and those of Brisbane architects, Simkin and Ibler were chosen. When tenders were obtained for these plans: a two storeyed sandstone building consisting of a central bay flanked by transverse wings, it was too expensive to build, and, rather than alter the plan, the central bay and eastern, chapel wing were constructed with provision allowed for completion at a later date. The early drawing of the convent shows the building as a mirror image of how it now stands, which the chapel wings and tower to the left of the entrance porch rather than to the right.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1890s, Simkin and Ibler were responsible for the design of several other buildings constructed for the Catholic Church in Queensland, notably "Darra", a residence on Ann Street opposite All Hallows Convent, for Bishop Quinn, who died before its completion in 1891; St Stephens School for Girls in Charlotte Street, Brisbane (1892); and St Mary&#39;s Church on Peel Street, South Brisbane (1892-3). George Simkin and John Ibler, who comprised the partnership, practised together from 1889 until 1894 and many of their buildings are notable examples of Victorian eclecticism and flamboyance.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of the convent was laid in August 1891 by Archbishop Robert Dunne, who also performed the opening ceremony two years later on 11 March 1893. These occasions were gala events in Warwick, and much of the cost of the building was defrayed by subscriptions raised at the ceremonies.</p><br>
<p>The building was described as a "magnificent edifice...commanding a beautiful view of the town and district". A timber kitchen wing, which was replaced by a 1914 wing, was constructed to the south east of the building which comprised the kitchen, a boarders refectory, laundry and servants rooms. Water tanks were provided near the laundry and also above the attic, in the space between the ceiling and the roof of the convent.</p><br>
<p>The building contract was undertaken by Mr Alexander Mayes of Toowoomba, at a cost of £4500. The stonework was sub-contracted to John McCulloch of Warwick, and the painting and decorating work was undertaken by Mr P Cameron of Fitzroy Street, Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The second stage, being the western wing of the building was constructed by E. Valley, in 1904 at a cost of £3215. This saw the completion of the original plan, with reception rooms on the ground floor and a large dormitory space above.</p><br>
<p>In 1914 an extension of the western wing was added to designs of local architects, Dornbusch and Connolly, who designed the second St Marys Church in Warwick (1929). Tenders for this work were called in December 1912. The painting and decorating was by Mr Donald Crawford in this extension. Sandstone used for this extension was from Campbells Gully. This work was undertaken to meet the newly introduced State High School provisions (1912), which required extra subjects and, therefore, extra rooms, to allow the students to graduate. It is thought that dormer windows were added to the roof of the building, providing natural lighting to the attic at about this time.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War, boarders from All Hallows&#39; Convent in Brisbane were transferred to the convent in Warwick, which required the closing in of the western verandah.</p><br>
<p>The Sisters of Mercy withdrew from Warwick in 1988, when lay Catholics in the town retained Assumption College as a campus for tertiary education. The convent was renamed "Sophia", a Greek word for wisdom, and opened on February 17, 1989.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold in 1994 and has become a reception centre. This required the addition of a toilet block to the west of the building, and a substantial internal renovation. In 2015, it was known as "Abbey of the Roses", providing a wedding venue and accommodation.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Our Lady of Assumption Convent is a substantial two storeyed sandstone building prominently located on Locke Street, Warwick. The building consists of a central entrance bay running east-west, flanked by transverse wings which extend to the south forming a three sided courtyard at the rear of the building. Two storeyed verandahs are found on all elevations except the principal entrance facade.</p><br>
<p>The building is constructed of sandstone from Mitchell&#39;s Quarry, and is generally coursed ashlar on the northern entrance facade, and coursed rock faced on the other elevations. All stone detailing, including tracery and window surrounds, mouldings, carvings, copings, chimneys is of smooth faced sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The corrugated iron roof is generally hipped, and gabled over the transverse wings. Three dormer windows project through the roof on the northern and southern faces of the central wing of the building.</p><br>
<p>The entrance facade, addressing Locke Street, consists of the central bay, the gabled ends of the transverse wings, a prominent entrance porch and the bell tower, attached to the building at the intersection of the central bay and the eastern, chapel, wing. The entrance porch, located, not centrally, but slightly closer to the east of the building, is a pointed arched opening flanked by gabled pinnacles and all surmounted by a pedimented block, in which is a statue niche.</p><br>
<p>The octagonal sandstone and timber tower, to the east of the entrance porch, extends through two levels of the building and is surmounted by a belfry. Openings to the ground floor level of the tower are elongated rectangular windows filled with stained glass, and to the upper level are triangular headed windows, with similarly shaped hood mouldings joined at the intersections of the faces of the tower. The first floor of the tower is expressed with a string course, above which is a moulded course which is repeated above the first floor windows. A battlemented edge coping surrounds the top of the sandstone section of the tower. Surmounting this, is a timber extension recessed from the edge of the sandstone section and with timber louvred trefoil lancet openings. The tower is roofed with a lead sheeted onion dome, with expressed ribs and surmounted by a Latin cross made from metal.</p><br>
<p>The gabled eastern end of the entrance facade, projects past the adjacent tower only at the ground floor level. This projection has a central pedimented bay in which there is a statue niche. Flanking this are paired lancet windows of stained glass, and on the outside edges of the wing is angle buttressing. The projecting section has a parapet detail of trefoil arches between sandstone string courses, concealing a hipped roof. The first floor of this elevation of the wing features a tripartite lancet tapering window arrangement, above which is a smaller lancet opening. The apex of the gable, which has a moulded coping stepped at the gable corners, is surmounted by a carved sandstone Latin cross.</p><br>
<p>The western end of this southern facade, is similar, but considerably less decorative than the eastern, chapel, wing. A centrally located bay window, with similar parapet detailing to that on the projecting section of the eastern wing, is found on the first floor. This bay window is rectangular in plan, with three glazed openings, a wider central four panel sash, flanked by sidelights. These openings have corresponding transom lights. The first floor tripartite window arrangement and high level lancet, as well as the gable edge detailing, found on the eastern wing of the building, are also featured on this western gabled section.</p><br>
<p>The double storeyed verandah, which dominates the western facade of the building, is of stone construction on the ground floor and timber construction above. Vermiculated stone columns have carved Greek Cross motifs in their capitals. Stone balustrading, with a trefoil arched cutout detail infills the southern return of the verandah, and cast iron balustrading and timber lattice infill panels are used elsewhere. The first floor verandah is infilled with fibrous cement sheeting to balustrade level, above which are side opening arctic glass casement windows in bays of six.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the building, to the north, comprises a three sided courtyard bound by the transverse wings and the rear of the central bay, all dominated by two storeyed verandahs. The rear of the central bay features a hipped roofed octagonal section, expressing the internal principal stair. The verandahs to this section are stone on the ground level and timber above, where all other verandahs, some of which have been infilled with fibrous cement sheeting and glazing, are timber framed. The gabled elevations of the transverse wings are stone and have tripartite lancet windows, and similar gable edge detailing to that found on the front of the building.</p><br>
<p>The eastern elevation of the building, again dominated by two storeyed verandahs, has a centrally located projecting gabled bay, expressing an internal stair hall. Two pointed arched windows are found on the first floor of this and a door opening on ground level, covered by a recent walkway into adjacent schoolgrounds. To the northern (rear) of this bay the verandahs are timber framed with simple turned balusters, stop chamfered columns and fretwork brackets and infill mouldings. To the south of the central bay the verandah is stone on the ground level and timber above. The verandah fascia, at first floor level, is lined with a decorative timber panel with trefoil arched cutouts.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building is arranged around a central corridor running east west through both levels of the building from which smaller rooms are accessed, with major rooms in the transverse wings. Generally, the lower floor has plastered ceilings and walls, and the upper floor has beaded timber board ceilings and walls. To the rear of the chapel, in the eastern wing, the 1914 addition is generally of timber internally.</p><br>
<p>The principal entrance, through the porch on the southern facade, features a double ten panelled and moulded high quality timber door, through which the entrance vestibule, in the porch is reached. This small area features two elaborate stained glass windows of grisaille glass where the panels are entirely of ornament, in trefoil arched openings, and a diagonally boarded stained timber raked ceiling. Through a pointed arched opening is an entrance hall with ribbed cedar wainscotting. Two elaborate timber doorways, with moulded architraves surmounted by entablatures, have four panelled doors with transom lights above, and access former reception and music rooms. These front rooms have two vertical sash windows each, with stained glass transom lights above.</p><br>
<p>Separating the entrance hall from the central corridor is a fine cedar screen, with three tiers of trefoil arched openings, some of which are glazed with embossed glass panels. Beyond the screen and separated from the corridor by a round plaster arch, supported on Norman-inspired corbels, is the principal half turn closed well stair of cedar, with a large carved newel post and turned blasters. The underside of the stair is lined with coffered cedar panels. A stained glass staircase window, of two vertical panels and a transom light, provides natural lighting. Two pointed arched openings in the corridor, flanking the stair, separate this principal entrance area from the remainder of the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The chapel, which is at the eastern end of the corridor, is entered through a stained timber door with trefoil arched cutouts, surmounted by a triangular arched transom light. The chapel comprises two identifiable sections, the southern end being the original chapel, and the northern end a later addition; these are separated by a round arched opening in a central wall. The coffered timber ceiling, of the southern end, rakes toward the long sides of the room, to timber brackets which are supported on Norman-inspired corbels. A perforated timber frieze, just below the timber ceiling allows ventilation. On the southern wall of the room, adjacent to where a raised platform indicates the chancel area, are four fine stained glass window panels, in trefoil arched openings, depicting the four Evangelists and from the Royal Bavarian Art Institute for Stained Glass. The eastern wall of the front section of the cheap features large pointed arched window openings, with grisaille stained glass panels. The more rudimentary rear section of the chapel has a timber fireplace, a walk through sash window and French door with transom light opening to the adjacent verandah. To the north of the chapel, and separated by a stair hall, is the 1914 addition, which comprises large rooms with Wunderlich pressed metal ceilings featuring fleur-de-lis and Greek cross motifs and rendered walls with dado and picture rails impressed in the plaster.</p><br>
<p>On the western end of the central corridor of the ground floor, through a cedar doorway with transom and sidelights, originally to the exterior, is another half turn cedar stair. Two large rooms beyond this, with timber boarded ceilings and vertical sash windows, have been recently joined with a six leaf folding door. There is s generous bay window in the southern wall of this space. To the north of the ground floor are ancillary spaces, housed both in the rear of the western wing and in enclosed verandah spaces of the central bay.</p><br>
<p>The first floor of the former convent is, again, arranged around a central corridor, with timber boarded ceiling, running through the central bay terminated by large rooms in the flanking wings. Housed in the central bay, and accessed from the corridor, are many former bedroom cells, the northern ones of which access the rear verandah.</p><br>
<p>Above the chapel, in the eastern wing of the first floor, is another former dormitory, which features a vaulted timber ceiling, with moulded cedar ribs and purlins, and panels of stained pine boarding. The ribs are supported on Norman-inspired corbels. Half glazed French doors open from this room to the adjacent verandah. A transverse wall has divided the room, which was formerly the largest in the 1893 section of the convent, into two smaller spaces.</p><br>
<p>The western wing of the first floor of the building houses a very large, former dormitory space, with a lengthwise running timber boarded ceiling, flanked by generous coves formed by slender timber slats also running lengthwise. This ceiling features early paintwork, generally salmon pink and aqua on the coves.</p><br>
<p>The 1914 south eastern wing comprises a central corridor, off which many small former cells are accessed. Again, details in this section of the building; including the Wunderlich ceiling, joinery and glazing reflect the later date of its construction.</p><br>
<p>Two stairways from the first floor of the convent, provide access to the attic space, in the ceiling of the convent. This room, which was formerly used as a dormitory, has horizontal timber boarded walls, which are raked towards the ceilings and punctuated by six dormer windows.</p><br>
<p>The grounds in which the convent sits, contain many features which add to the amenity of the building, including the circular front walkway with central statue; the rose gardens to the east of this and the grotto.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Our Lady of Assumption Convent was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Our Lady of Assumption Convent demonstrates the pattern of growth of Warwick as a large centre of development on the Darling Downs; and the pattern of growth of the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building houses some very fine and rare stained glass panels, from the Royal Bavarian Art Institute of Stained Glass in Munich.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good example of ecclesiastical Victorian architecture, influenced by the revival of interest in Gothic architecture during this period and adapted to the sub-tropical Queensland climate. It demonstrates the principal characteristics of Sisters of Mercy convents, in its layout, finishes and features.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former convent has considerable aesthetic value, as a well composed substantial sandstone building, with fine detailing, including sandstone carvings and tracery; stained glass panels; and internal joinery, particularly the timber ceilings.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Cloisters has a strong association with the Sisters of Mercy in Queensland and the catholic community of Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is significant as the home of one of the many branch houses of All Hallows Convent, from where many of the states early educational and social programmes were established.</p><br>
<p>Warwick railway station is a heritage-listed railway station on the Southern railway line in Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1910s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Warwick railway station is an amalgam of buildings dating from the mid 1880s, when this site became the principal railway station in Warwick. The buildings include a sandstone goods shed and passenger station, a turntable, various staff dwelling and recreational buildings, warehouses and a goods sale yard complex.</p><br>
<p>Warwick was established as an administrative centre of the emerging Darling Downs regions in 1847, with a post office being established in the town in 1848. This year saw the first survey work of the embryonic town completed by surveyor, James Charles Burnett, with further surveys in 1850, and the first sale of crown land in July 1850. On 24 May 1861, Warwick was granted the status of a municipality (the Borough of Warwick), and discussions were held soon after concerning the introduction of the railway which was in primary stages of planning in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The first rail line in Queensland, between Bigge&#39;s Camp (later Grandchester) and Ipswich, opened in 1865, and it was always the intention of the early Queensland Government to extend the line to provide the pastoral land to the west of Ipswich with a rail link. The line extended to Toowoomba in 1867. In February 1866, a contract was let for the extension of the railway line from Toowoomba to Warwick.</p><br>
<p>This contract was awarded to David Williams of Muswellbrook for £267,566. But with the financial problems of 1866 the first section of this extension, from Toowoomba to Allora was not opened until March 1869 and from there an extension to Warwick was completed for the grand opening attended by the Acting Governor on 10 January 1871.</p><br>
<p>One of the principal forces shaping the governments construction of the line from Toowoomba to Warwick was the minimising the cost involved, and hence, the cheapest possible route was chosen. This explains why the location of the first terminus at Warwick was chosen to the north of the town and thereby not requiring a bridge over the Condamine River. This initial terminus, known later as Mill Hill, was furnished with a stone goods shed and timber station building, but was only a temporary facility as the location of the Warwick terminus was resited when plans for extension of the railway line were realised.</p><br>
<p>The discovery of tin at Stanthorpe prompted the government to make surveys for extending the train line from Warwick to Stanthorpe in 1873. This extension made necessary the construction of a bridge across the Condamine River and therefore another railway station was established closer to the settlement although both stations continued for some time simultaneously. In 1885 this second station became the main terminal station at Warwick and has remains so to this day. The extension of railway was opened on 3 May 3, 1881 at which time a platform and closets were erected. A shelter shed was erected on the site in 1882.</p><br>
<p>The station was known as the East Warwick railway station until 1885. A plan was instigated in that year for the redevelopment of the newly deemed terminal station, which was fortunate as the former station buildings on the site were destroyed by fire on 10 August 1887 just as the redevelopment plan was nearing completion. This redevelopment was spurred by the planned extension of the line to the New South Wales border at Wallangarra, agreed to by the Queensland Parliament in August 1884. Warwick was planned as a major station on this route.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called on 22 June 1886 for the construction of a passenger station and goods shed at the new Warwick terminal station. The contract for the goods shed was let to MT O&#39;Brien for £2,710 and for the passenger station to R Godsall and others for £5,624. A 40-foot turntable was also planned for Warwick at this time. These were the second set of tenders called for the station buildings as the previous tenderers were all too high.</p><br>
<p>A report in the Warwick Examiner and Times published on October 12, 1887 describes the progress on the redevelopment plan of the site. Implicit in this report was the frustration felt by the local Warwick community over the lack of official commitment to the project, supposedly manifest in the "passable appearance" of the passenger station, the prolonged time taken for the tendering process and the lack of funding available. This perceived lack of support was thought to reflect the Queensland Government&#39;s uncaring disposition toward Warwick at the time. The article does not mention an architect, but does say "the architecture (of the passenger station) is not of a very elaborate character, and is said by connoisseurs not to be of a particular order, being a "homologation" of various orders, such as flitted across the mind of the draftsman when preparing the plans."</p><br>
<p>Whilst thus dismissed the passenger station constructed was a substantial single storeyed stone building, with rendered brick portico of classical derivation. A stone kitchen was built adjacent to the station building. An early description of the passenger station describes verandah awnings attached to the eastern side of the building which provide shelter over the platforms. The awnings were supported on cast iron columns on stone bases and with cast iron brackets from the top. This awning was replaced in September 1934 when the extant steel cantilevered awnings were constructed. According to early photographs of the building, the roof of the passenger station was originally covered with a both rolled iron sections and corrugated iron sections.</p><br>
<p>J McCulloch, the prominent Warwick stonemason responsible for St Marks and St Andrews Churches, the convent, the courthouse, town hall and central school, superintended the stonework construction of the station.</p><br>
<p>Another major part of the redevelopment plan was for a goods shed, which had been finished for "some time" when the Examiner and Times reported on the progress of the site in October 1887. According to this report a carriage shed, engine shed and station masters residence had been planned but were not yet erected on the site. Local contractors, Campbell and Thompson were awarded the contract for the station master&#39;s residence on 31 July 1888, and this was constructed at the southern end of the railway site.</p><br>
<p>By 1900 a timber footbridge had been constructed off Grafton Street to plans of the Railways Section of the Works Department. This was planned to minimise the risk of people living on the eastern side of the railway complex, crossing the tracks. The Tighe brothers were awarded the contract, and the bridge which was lit with lamps, was built at a cost of £209/16/-.</p><br>
<p>During the first few years of the 1910s major redevelopment of the station was planned and the whole site was re-organised. The timber footbridge of 1900 was replaced with a steel framed structure with timber decking. The timber decking was replaced with steel mesh decking in 1932. Further extensions of the 1910s included the May 1912 replacement of a 40-foot turntable on the northern end of the site with a 58-foot model, to accommodate larger locomotives. Various alterations were made to the passenger station, these involved the addition of a refreshment room on the south end of the building joining the kitchen block to the station. Several residences were erected on the eastern boundary of the site, as well as various railway community buildings including the timber building used for crews&#39; sleeping quarters. A timber extension of the Goods Shed used for offices, was extended again by July 1912. Plans were made for the erection of a semi-circular locomotive shed or part round-house in 1912. In 1921 a coal stage was added to the site.</p><br>
<p>A legendary event of 1917 at the station catapulted the site to national significance when an egg was thrown at Prime Minister Billy Hughes knocking off his hat whilst he was visiting Warwick during the conscription referendum. Hughes demanded that the local police constable (a member of the Queensland Police Service) arrest the man who throw the egg to which the constable replied "you have no jurisdiction". This incident led to the establishment of the Commonwealth Police.</p><br>
<p>In 1920, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) visited Warwick by train, where he inspected the local Boy Scouts at the railway station before travelling by car to the rotunda in Leslie Park.</p><br>
<p>A s photograph of the site shows extensive gardens on the west side of the passenger station, adjacent to the entrance, extending from Grafton Street.</p><br>
<p>From the 1960s the importance of the Warwick station diminished, with increased road competition and the consequent reduction of railway traffic. The passenger service by train to Wallangarra was withdrawn in 1972 and to Dirranbandi in 1992. Warwick now operates solely as a freight station.</p><br>
<p>A fire spread through the passenger station in September 1963, destroying much of the interior of the building and damaging some external areas. A north end bay of the building was removed at this time and not replaced. The roof of the passenger station has been replaced. The station is today used by steam locomotive hauled tours operated by the Southern Downs Steam Railway.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Warwick station complex, bounded by Lyons, Hamilton, Fitzroy and Percy Streets, is located several blocks to the east of Palmerin Street, the main street of Warwick. It consists of a series of buildings scattered about the many branch lines and sidings: the stone Station building faces west along Grafton Street, with the footbridge providing a connection where Grafton Street once continued; to the north of the station building is the stone Goods Shed, the timber Sale Yards, and the Turntable; to the east, the cluster of Railway Institute Buildings, and the various quarters buildings fronting Hamilton Street; to the south is the former Barnes and Co. warehouse and the Wheat Shed fronting both Lyons Street and the railway lines; to the west is the driveway and garden; and to both the northern and southern ends of the block are concrete traffic underpasses below the railway lines.</p><br>
<h3>Goods Shed</h3><br>
<p>The Goods Shed is a single-storeyed sandstone building, situated to the north of the Station. A narrow linear building on a north-south axis, it measures some 70 m (220 ft) in length by 11 m (36 ft) in width. The gabled roof is of corrugated iron, with translucent skylight panels and a deep overhang on the western side protecting the loading bays. The stonework is of picked finish with draughted margins, laid as coursed ashlar. Added to the south of the building is a small timber office, and to the west is a recent steel canopy structure. Inside the building is a railway siding, with the remainder being a timber platform. The building is still in use as a goods shed.</p><br>
<p>The western side of the building is divided into bays by stone piers, with seven loading bay openings with arched heads scattered between. Beside these openings are timber bollards. The roof overhang is supported by curved timber brackets resting on stone corbels at the piers. The rafters, doubled at these brackets, have decorative fretted ends. There is an external timber platform at Doors 1 and 2, and at the northern end, and there is evidence there was previously one at Door 5. The east side of the building is also divided into bays by piers, with arch-headed fixed windows of eight panes at every second bay. The north and south ends have large battened gates giving entry to the internal siding, and lunette windows centred within the gable. Connected to the south end of the building is a timber office, with a posted verandah to its north and west sides, and a gabled corrugated iron roof. Enclosing this part of the complex is a perimeter fence of timber posts with a piece of upturned railway track as the rail.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the Goods Shed is substantially intact. The raised timber platform runs the full length, beside the internal siding. To the loading bay openings are substantial boarded and cross-braced sliding doors, and above are robust exposed timber roof trusses. Also within the building is the warehouse crane (by Dorman and Long) at Door 4, and the scales (by Henry Pooley and Sons) with checkers desk and cupboard. To the southwest corner are partitions enclosing a small office.</p><br>
<h3>Passenger Station</h3><br>
<p>The station building is also a single-storeyed sandstone building on a north-south axis, with the platform running along its eastern side. The western facade features an entrance portico and verandah. The roof is hipped and mainly of corrugated asbestos cement sheet, apart from the kitchen wing which is corrugated iron. Above the roof are two rendered chimneys with decorative mouldings and a cornice. There is a cantilevered steel awning over the platform, which continues past the Station building in both directions.</p><br>
<p>The rendered entrance portico has columns and pilasters of Tuscan order, mounted on pedestals. Above is a projecting cornice, then a simple parapet. To either side is a timber-framed verandah with a battened valance. The walls of the building are sandstone laid in ashlar coursing, with picked finish. The stones of the quoins and opening architraves project slightly and have draughted margins.</p><br>
<p>The station platform is of concrete, and still evident is the line of the former edge, before it was widened. The platform awning is of a common railway design with a butterfly roof reducing to a simple cantilever at the station, on a framing of narrow steel lattice girders.</p><br>
<p>The interior retains little of its original fabric, and has been largely remodelled. It presently houses offices, staff facilities, toilets and the entrance hall. The entrance hall still features a marble World War I honour board.</p><br>
<p>There are two outbuildings immediately to the south of the Station. The first is a small brick building, formerly a toilet block, with a hipped corrugated iron roof and roof ventilator. The second is a smaller timber building with a gabled roof. In front of the Station in the island formed by the driveway is a flower garden with shrubs and small trees.</p><br>
<h3>Grafton Street Footbridge</h3><br>
<p>The Footbridge spans across the railway lines from west to east connecting the two parts of Grafton Street. There are three 17.5 m (58 ft) central spans, and approach sections at each end of some 7.5 m (25 ft). It is framed with steel lattice trusses, with timber decking and steps. The handrails are back-to-back steel angles, and together with the steel stringers, incorporate a curve down to the landing of the stair. There are steel T sections curved to form brackets supporting the balustrade. The balustrade is enclosed with panels of chain-wire framed in timber.</p><br>
<h3>Sale Yards</h3><br>
<p>The Sale Yards are a series of open pavilions with bush-timber posts, concrete floors, dressed timber roof framing and corrugated iron roofs. The roofs are a mixture of gabled, half-gabled and hipped forms, with fixed timber louvres infilling some of the gables. The yards contain a series of pens, framed in walls and gates of timber slats, with some of the walls being relocatable to vary the size of the pens. The gates have sliding timber slats used as catches. To the periphery are a series of uncovered pens and loading ramps for vehicles and the railway. The smaller pavilion to the east of the group contains an auction pit surrounded by timber bench seats. The yards are presently still in use weekly for pig and calf sales.</p><br>
<h3>Hamilton Street Buildings</h3><br>
<p>Along Hamilton Street to the east of the station, are the Railway Institute Buildings and a series of quarters buildings. At the eastern end of the footbridge is the Railways Institute Building which has corrugated iron walls and gabled roof, and a small timber lean-to addition. Beside this, is the Billiards Room also of corrugated iron, with trapezoid-shaped shutters. Also nearby are the corrugated iron Plant Store and another Store known as the Boxing Room (now housing model trains). This branch of the Railway Institute is still active.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the footbridge along Hamilton Street are the remaining quarters buildings. The first is the Single Men&#39;s Quarters, a timber building with a hipped corrugated iron roof, and a posted verandah to all four sides, onto which open several doorways. Connected to the rear is a timber addition housing amenities. Similar to other parts of the complex, it has a perimeter fence of timber posts and a piece of upturned railway track as the rail.</p><br>
<p>Next is the Inspectors quarters, a high-set timber house with front verandah returning to the southern side, which is apparently a standard elevated pyramidal gatekeepers cottage. At the corner is the Station Masters house, also of timber and corrugated iron, which has both open and enclosed verandahs. Between are more recent small fibrous cement cottages.</p><br>
<h3>Subways</h3><br>
<p>To the north and south of the site, on Fitzroy and Percy Streets, concrete subways have been constructed for the road traffic, with bridges for the railways, to replace the level crossings.</p><br>
<h3>Turntable</h3><br>
<p>The Turntable located in the northeastern corner of the complex, has been excavated and is being restored to working order. The present pit measures some 17.5 m (58 ft) in diameter, with evidence of the previous diameter of some 12 m (40 ft) remaining on the concrete base of the pit. The remaining original walls of the pit are of rendered stone, with the refurbished walls being in face stonework. The turntable itself turns on a single circular rail at the perimeter of the pit, and revolves about a central pivot. It is constructed of steel plate, with steel handrails to both sides, and is power-operated from a control point at one end</p><br>
<p>To the north of the turntable is the former site of the engine shed. Four of the concrete-lined ashpits have been excavated, leaving three still covered. Between the rail lines are timber stumps which are the remainders of the sheds structural posts. The position of these pits and stumps are evidence of the sheds size and curved form.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the turntable is an iron water tank on a timber stand, which has been brought in from elsewhere. Although lower in height, it is said to be reminiscent of the original tanks which once stood in this location. To the east of the turntable is a recent steel shed in which railway carriages are presently being restored. The roundhouse is occupied by the Southern Downs Steam Railway.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warwick Railway Station was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 September 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The railway station complex demonstrates the pattern of growth of Warwick, and the development of the railway in southern Queensland and the network of rail-lines centred on Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Passenger Station and Goods Shed are unusual among Queensland railway building, as they were constructed from stone, reflecting the abundant supply of local sandstone. The sale yards are another rare feature of the railway complex. Many saleyards were constructed within railway complexes in Queensland and few of these survive.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick Railway Complex is an intact example of a railway precinct dating from the late 19th century. The additions and alterations which have occurred reflect the changes and development of the railway system in southern Queensland. The site with extant passenger station, goods shed, footbridge, turntable pit, various residences, camping quarters, railway workers institute and other communal buildings, sale yards and various other smaller buildings and structures, including the extant sidings is an important document of Queensland railway history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Several individual buildings on the site have aesthetic merit including the goods&#39; shed which is a fine stone building; the passenger station; the goods yards; and the corrugated iron buildings on the eastern side of the block.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site has special associations with the Warwick community, as a centre of trade and travel for about 110 years.</p><br>
<p>Warwick Uniting Church is a heritage-listed church at 37 Guy Street , Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1869 to 1922. It is also known as St Andrews Presbyterian Church. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Warwick Uniting Church is an unpretentious sandstone building built 1869-1870 and located on the corner of Fitzroy and Guy Streets, Warwick. The site also contains a parish hall (1998) and a manse (1940).</p><br>
<p>The sandstone church is the second church on this site which is associated with the earliest Presbyterian ministry on the Darling Downs. From the 1840s, an itinerant Presbyterian minister was present on the Darling Downs, however, it was not until Reverend Thomas Kingsford arrived in Warwick in 1851 that the church had a permanent presence in the district. The first services were held in the court house, initially in the timber slab building in Alice Street and then in the new Court House in Albion Street.</p><br>
<p>In May 1857 (prior to the Separation of Queensland), the New South Wales Government granted land in Alice Street to the church to build a church, school and manse. It may be that the land was unsuitable in some way as that same year the church purchased an alternate site on the corner of Fitzroy and Guy Streets for the sum of £36. A sawn slab and shingle church was constructed on the site in 1858, becoming the second provincial Presbyterian church to be established in Queensland, the first being in Ipswich.</p><br>
<p>The congregation in Warwick continued to expand and in 1867 a building committee was formed, making the decision to build a finer and larger church. The old church was sold to Harry Houghton for removal and continued to be used as a residence. Construction of a new church began in March 1869. It was built of local sandstone quarried near Rosehill and had a shingled roof. The contractor for the building was John McCulloch, foremost stonemason in the town and brother of the then Minister of the church, Reverend Colin McCulloch.</p><br>
<p>Deposits of continental sandstone in the district surrounding Warwick provided a ready source of good quality building stone for the town. As Warwick developed and early buildings were replaced, this sandstone was used for a number of the citys finest buildings and has become a distinguishing feature of the place. John McCulloch was the most prominent of Warwicks masons. He had learned his trade in Scotland and arrived in Warwick in 1863. It is difficult to assess the full extent of McCulloch&#39;s work in Warwick due to inadequate records from his yard; however, he is known to be responsible for a number of churches and commercial buildings, as well as the Court House, Town Hall, Sisters of Mercy Convent and the Railways Good Shed.</p><br>
<p>The church opened on Sunday 20 November 1870 and the first service was conducted by the Reverend Isaac Mackay, a noted Scottish preacher who held services in both English and Gaelic. The church was not quite complete and had cost £1000. St. Andrew&#39;s is said to have been the first church building in the colony that was floored in "cement". The local newspaper, the Warwick Examiner and Times reported on 26 November 1870 that the material was not only cheaper than timber but well suited to the Queensland climate as it was "cool, clean and almost noiseless when walked over" and commented that the building was "one of the best ornaments the town possesses".</p><br>
<p>A number of changes have taken place to the building over time. During the time that Reverend Robert Fraser was Minister (1882–87) he made an interest-free loan of £300 to the Committee of Management which was used to strengthen the roof and erect pinnacles on top of the buttresses. In 1897 a stone entry porch was added to the front of the building. This work is attributed to local builders, architects and surveyors, Wallace and Gibson, however, it is not clear whether they designed the porch as well as constructing it.</p><br>
<p>Fundraising for a hall began in 1900 and the Mary Williams Memorial Hall opened in 1904, incorporating an earlier hall that was re-aligned on the site. In 1922, a vestry and choir room were added to the eastern end of the church and a pipe organ was purchased as a Soldier&#39;s Memorial in 1924. A new manse, designed by R.H and H Campbell, was officially opened in 1940. It appears that the entry porch was re-modelled in 1950 through a financial gift of Charles and Esther Counsell and it is likely that the main roof was tiled and the pinnacles atop the buttresses were removed at this time. Major interior changes took place in 1964-65 following a gift from the Ross family. The pipe organ was extensively altered and the pipes were relocated into an alcove at the front of the church, the interior was re-lined including the fitting of acoustic tiles in the ceiling, installation of new pews and choir seating and the removal of traditional seating for elders.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the Uniting Church congregations of Wesley and St. Andrews joined together as one worshipping congregation and chose St. Andrews church as their home, the church then became known as the Warwick Uniting Church. The Williams Memorial Hall was sold for removal in 1998 and a new hall designed by John Marsson and Associates Architects and also named the Williams Hall was dedicated in August 1999. A steel and glass link to the church was constructed at the same time and a window was removed to accommodate a new door to the church on the southern side. The manse is now used as office space.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Warwick Uniting Church is a simple sandstone structure, rectilinear in form, with a stone entry porch on the front eastern facade of the building. It is constructed of load-bearing, rock-faced ashlar sandstone and is divided into six bays separated with buttresses. Lancet arched openings, each housing a pair of lancet windows with a circular window above, are situated between each buttress. The majority of these windows are now filled with commemorative stained glass and the remainder with diamond patterned leadlight windows. A larger lancet arched opening at the eastern end contains three rose windows and five lancet windows, now partially obscured on the exterior by the entry porch. The western gable end contains a single rose window.</p><br>
<p>The entry porch is rock-faced ashlar with a pitched tiled roof and a pair of arched, timber entry doors surmounted by a small rose window. The steeply pitched roof of the church is clad in red terracotta tiles with small decorative stone pinnacles located in each corner and a small metal fleche resembling a miniature church spire at the roof ridge at the western end. The vestry and choir room is a small rendered masonry structure with a pitched roof added to the western end of the building. It is finished in pebbledash stucco and has a wide-pan corrugated iron roof which is painted.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the church has an open roof structure consisting of arched brace trusses with the ceiling lined in painted, diagonal timber boarding and acoustic tiles. The walls are lined in hardboard that has an ashlar-like profile and has a timber panelled dado. A pair of automatic, glass and timber framed doors separate the porch from the nave. The nave is carpeted, has a central aisle and recent timber pews. The choir and organ are located in the chancel, along with the pulpit, baptismal font, communion table, carved timber memorial chairs, war memorial boards and flags. The organ pipes are centrally located at the back of the chancel and are covered with a timber grille.</p><br>
<p>A window has been removed on the southern elevation and has been replaced with a recent door opening to a covered walkway that links the church to the new hall. A courtyard paved in terracotta tiles occupies the area between the church and hall. Lawn comprise the eastern and northern parts of the site, with a wide concrete path leading to the entry door of the porch flanked by mature trees including two large Silky Oaks and some smaller conifers.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warwick Uniting Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 24 March 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Warwick Uniting Church is important in demonstrating the early presence and growth of the Presbyterian church in the Darling Downs and the pattern of development of religious and social institutions of the city of Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As an early sandstone church in a city which owes much of its character to the use of local sandstone, Warwick Uniting Church has aesthetic value. The building makes a significant contribution to the streetscape, located on a prominent intersection of the town that includes Warwick Courthouse and Leslie Park.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Warwick Uniting Church has social and spiritual significance for its association with the Presbyterian and Uniting Church congregation of Warwick as their principal place of worship for over 140 years.</p><br>
<p>T J Byrnes Monument is a heritage-listed memorial at Palmerin Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It commemorates Thomas Joseph Byrnes, the short-lived Premier of Queensland who died in office in 1898. It was designed by Andrews Bros  and built from 1901 to 1902 by Andrew Brothers . It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This monument was erected in 1902 by the citizens of Warwick and district to honour the former Premier of Queensland and MLA for Warwick, Thomas Joseph Byrnes, who died on 27 September 1898 at the age of 37. He was the first Queensland-born premier of Queensland, and had held office for only five months prior to his death. The sudden loss of this youthful, charismatic leader shocked Queenslanders, who mourned the passing of his vision of a strong and vibrant Queensland as much as of the man himself. Byrnes is the only Queensland premier to be honoured with two memorial statues (the other being erected in 1902 on the corner of Wickham and Boundary Streets in Petrie Bight, Brisbane and relocated in 1925 to Centenary Place), and is one of only three Queensland premiers (along with Sir Charles Lilley and Thomas Joseph Ryan) to have a medal for scholarship posthumously endowed in his name.</p><br>
<p>Byrnes was born into a large, impoverished Irish Catholic family in Brisbane in 1860. In 1866 the family moved to Bowen, where Byrnes was educated at the local primary school. In 1874 he won a scholarship to the Brisbane Grammar School, where he won the Lilley gold medal for distinction in Greek, Latin and English, annually from 1875 to 1877. In 1876 he won the University of Sydney prize in the junior public examination, which granted him an extension scholarship to complete his secondary education at Brisbane Grammar School. This was followed in 1879 with a scholarship to Melbourne University where he graduated in Arts (1882) and in Law (1884) - both with honours. On 8 July 1884 he was admitted to the bar in Victoria, but returned to Brisbane immediately and was admitted as a Queensland barrister on 5 August 1884. During 1884-85 Byrnes read law in the chambers of Patrick Real, then built up his own large, successful law practice in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>In 1890 Byrnes entered politics. He was elected to the Queensland Legislative Council in August and was given the portfolio of Solicitor-General in Sir Samuel Griffiths newly formed coalition government. Byrnes politics were essentially Catholic conservative. Although at this time he supported Federation, he opposed the Shearers&#39; Strike of 1891, invoking an outdated conspiracy law to convict unionist strike leaders.</p><br>
<p>In March 1893 Byrnes was appointed Attorney-General, and held this portfolio until his death in 1898. He entered the Legislative Assembly as MLA for Cairns (Sir Charles Lilleys pocket borough) from April 1893 to April 1896. Byrnes&#39; policies at this period received considerable support in far north Queensland - he advocated the continued use of South Sea Islander labour and declared an interest in northern development (without committing himself to separation). Later he became an outspoken opponent of the separationist movement, which may account for his choosing to stand (unsuccessfully) for North Brisbane in March 1896.</p><br>
<p>Although nominated for North Brisbane by Premier Hugh Nelson, Byrnes was unpopular in the capital, where he was seen to be concentrating more on his law practice than on his portfolio. His integrity had been called into question in several legal disputes where he used his powers as Attorney-General to further personal interests. However, immediately following his defeat in North Brisbane, Byrnes stood in April 1896 for the electorate of Warwick, where he achieved a resounding victory. At Warwick, Byrnes had a large Irish-Catholic vote as well as the support of Arthur Morgan, owner/editor of the Warwick Argus and former MLA for Warwick who had stood aside for Byrnes benefit. Byrnes personal appeal, his Queensland birth, and his conservative politics (advocating the postponement of Queensland&#39;s involvement in Federation), contributed to his success. In Warwick, the self-made man epitomised what could be achieved in Queensland, the land of opportunity.</p><br>
<p>Warwick took great pride in its state representative, and Byrnes reciprocated by assiduously promoting Queensland and his electorate. When he and Premier Nelson represented Queensland at Britain&#39;s Diamond Jubilee celebrations in 1897, Byrnes visited Warwick, England to promote his constituency and the Darling Downs, and in June 1898 presented Warwick, Queensland with gifts from its English counterpart.</p><br>
<p>Early in April 1898 the President of the Queensland Legislative Council, Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer, died. Premier Hugh Nelson succeeded him, and on 13 April 1898, TJ Byrnes was appointed Premier, Chief Secretary and Attorney-General. Fellow Parliamentarians supported his appointment because he was popular with voters, and the struggling coalition government needed the charismatic Attorney-General as their figurehead.</p><br>
<p>Byrnes was to spend little more than 5 months in office. On 27 September 1898 he died at his residence at Yeronga near Brisbane, after a short illness (pneumonia complicated by a severe cardiac condition), less than 2 months short of his 38th birthday.</p><br>
<p>On the day following Byrnes death, all Warwick businesses were shut, and on the day of the state funeral in Brisbane, Warwick schools closed. A week after Byrnes death the Mayor of Warwick, J Allman, suggested that a fund administered by a citizens committee be established to erect a memorial to Byrnes, in Warwick. A public meeting was called on 20 October 1898, at which time a committee was formed. Over the next 3 years £250 was raised locally from 363 subscribers, and this was matched £ for £ by the Queensland government.</p><br>
<p>In Brisbane, a Byrnes Memorial Fund was established from which the Byrnes Medal for scholarship was created, and a £2,000 bronze statue was erected in Centenary Place. Warwick also chose a statue as a memorial, but in stone. Erecting a statue was a traditional tribute by European towns and cities to their great men and women, and illustrated as much about the sophistication of the town which commissioned it as about the person being commemorated.</p><br>
<p>In June 1901 the Warwick committee accepted a tender of £500 by Andrews Bros of Sydney for a marble statue of TJ Byrnes, resting on a marble pedestal. The statue was carved in Italy from Carrara marble and arrived in Sydney about September 1902. Both the statue and the veined Sicilian marble pedestal, designed by ED Andrews, were freighted from Sydney to Warwick by New South Wales and Queensland railways free of charge, and were erected in November 1902 under the supervision of Warwick architect Conrad Cobden Dornbusch.</p><br>
<p>There had been some committee debate over the most appropriate site for the statue. The original proposal was to locate it opposite the two-storeyed 1897-99 stone post office which had been erected during Byrnes&#39; term as MLA for Warwick. Later, some favoured the Southern Square (now Leslie Park). Both sites were submitted to the Warwick Municipal Council, which preferred the more prominent post office location, so that the children going to school could see the man who rose from the bottom to the top rung of the ladder.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal was erected at the intersection of Palmerin and Grafton Streets - in the centre of town opposite the post office - on 25 November 1902, and the statue was raised to face the rising sun (looking east along Grafton Street) at daybreak the next day. The whole monument weighed 26 tons, rested on a concrete block and plinth of Melbourne bluestone, and stood 19.5 feet high. Inscriptions on the four sides of the pedestal read:Thomas Joseph ByrnesBorn Brisbane 1860Premier of Queensland 1898Died 1898. Following suggestions from local residents, the Warwick Council agreed thatMLA for Warwick 1896 to 1898should be placed under the name. The monument was surrounded by a temporary wooden picket fence until an iron railing could be erected. This iron railing had been removed by mid-1935.</p><br>
<p>The statue was unveiled officially on Saturday 13 December 1902 by His Excellency the Governor of Queensland, Sir Herbert Chermside, in the presence of several Byrnes relatives; the Mayors of Warwick, Brisbane and South Brisbane; the Minister for Railways and Works; the Hon Arthur Morgan (MLA for Warwick 1887-1896 and 1898-1906) and other Warwick dignitaries. Sir Herbert described Byrnes as a great statesman and patriot and stressed the distinction conferred on Warwick by having had the Premier as its representative. All speakers emphasised Byrnes remarkable academic achievements and charisma, his rise from poverty to greatness, and his Queensland birth, and portrayed him as a role model for Queensland youth. Besides honouring Byrnes, the statue was intended as an example to the young of the possibilities open to even the poorest Queenslander. The unveiling of the monument was an important occasion for Warwick and a souvenir photograph and description were published by the Warwick Examiner and Times.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The TJ Byrnes Monument is located at the intersection of two principal streets in Warwick - Palmerin and Grafton - opposite the Warwick Post Office. It comprises a pedestal and lifelike statue, facing east along Grafton Street, set on two stepped courses of a basaltic rock identified in 1902 as Melbourne bluestone. The whole rests on a concrete base, nearly obscured by later road surfacing.</p><br>
<p>The pedestal of veined marble is approximately 3.5 metres high, is alike on all four faces, and comprises plinth, dado and entablature. The plinth is a diminishing panelled block with a heavy moulding above. Inscriptions on the four panels of the plinth read: THOMAS JOSEPH BYRNES MLA for Warwick, 1896-98 (east face), Born Brisbane 1860 (north face), Premier of Queensland 1898 (west face), and Died 1898 (south face). At the base of the east face of the plinth is the inscription: Andrews Bros Sydney. The dado forms the shaft of the pedestal. At each corner is a column with foliated capital set in a rectangular recess, and each face has two pilasters either side of a semi-circular headed recess. The entablature consists of architrave, frieze and projecting cornice, with a panelled pediment at the centre of each face. 1902 is inscribed on the pediment of the east face.</p><br>
<p>The lifelike statue stands larger-than-life at approximately 2 metres in height. It is carved of a fine white marble. The figure stands as if addressing an assembly, with right hand extended and a manuscript in the left hand. The head is bare, and the figure is clothed in conventional 19th century morning costume.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The T J Byrnes Monument was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 January 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The TJ Byrnes Monument at Warwick is one of Queensland&#39;s earlier public monuments, and makes a significant contribution to our understanding of the way in which Queensland towns and cities honoured their heroes and heroines in the late 19th/early 20th centuries, and promoted them as role models.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It remains an excellent example of its type - a lifelike, finely carved statue set high on a decorative pedestal and located at the intersection of two of the principal streets in Warwick - specifically designed and located to impress.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The monument is significant for its aesthetic and landmark qualities, and has been a prominent part of the Warwick townscape since 1902.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The monument is significant for its aesthetic and landmark qualities, and has been a prominent part of the Warwick townscape since 1902.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a memorial, the place has a close association with the life and work of TJ Byrnes - barrister, politician, and one of Queensland&#39;s early heroes.</p><br>
<p>Warwick General Cemetery is a heritage-listed cemetery at Wentworth Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Dornbusch & Connolly and built from 1853 onwards by Phil Thornton. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first section of the Warwick General Cemetery was surveyed in 1850, when the town of Warwick was officially laid out, and the earliest burial is understood to have been in 1853. Warwick General Cemetery is located to the west of the Warwick central business district, on an elevated area near a bend in the Condamine River. While the size of the cemetery has changed it has always been organised with denominational sections and includes monuments and memorials pertaining to those who lived in Warwick and the surrounding district, including the prominently situated William Mitchner Shelter-shed.</p><br>
<p>Allan Cunningham&#39;s exploration of the southern Darling Downs in 1827 first revealed the potential of the Darling Downs for pastoral and agricultural usage. In the 1840s pastoralists moved into the area, and in the late 1840s the township of Warwick was established by the NSW colonial government as an administrative and service centre for the surrounding pastoral district. An initial survey of the town was undertaken in 1849, with further survey in 1850. The latter included 8 acres reserved as general cemetery, to the northwest of the township. The first sale of Warwick town lots took place in July 1850.</p><br>
<p>While deaths and burials occurred in the region and there are early graves on pastoral properties, the first known burial in the Warwick General Cemetery was that of Thomas Howard in 1853. On 23 February 1864 a Deed of Grant was issued to three trustees for 2 acres of land for sole use as by the Church of England. It does not seem that the other denominations acquired such a document. Subsequently, an area to the west and north to the Condamine River of the burial grounds became a reserve for extension of the general cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Management of this cemetery has often been controversial. A visitor to the region complained in 1859 that the cemetery needed a pig-proof fence. Complaints about the cemetery continued with comments about locals using it for their dairy cows being raised by an alderman in Council in late March 1867. The 1865 Cemeteries Act provided for the regulation of cemeteries throughout Queensland and required Trustees to make by-laws in accordance with the Act. After public meetings in January 1868 the names of five denominational Warwick General Cemetery trustees were gazetted in June 1868. The Trustees formulated regulations and charges. Prior to this no cemetery records existed, however, cemetery transcriptions revealed 11 burials in the Methodist section, 5 in the Presbyterian, 19 in the Catholic and 25 in the Anglican section, pre-1868.</p><br>
<p>In 1898 the Trustees believed that more land for burial purposes was required. As the area reserved for extension included low-lying land liable to flood from the Condamine River they asked for Portions 328 and 333 to the south of a road and the road adjoining the cemetery to be added as it would allow extension of the Church of England and Roman Catholic sections. Warwick Cemetery Reserve was gazetted on 10 June 1899; it included the additional land. However it was not until 25 March 1908 that the Queensland Governor signed a Deed of Grant in Trust that named five Trustees for a Cemetery Reserve of 56½ acres.</p><br>
<p>The Trustees income was derived from sale of gravesites, interments and donations and they had to pay the sextons salary and maintenance costs. They were conservative with expenditure - for example not fencing the additional land until overcrowding warranted this in 1903. However, in 1911 the cemetery Trustees used 500 pegs of recent design manufactured locally by R Reyburn Warwick Foundry to replace wooden grave pegs. By 1917 prickly pear became a major problem for the Trustees. To assist with its eradication they sought permission, unsuccessfully, for selling off about 26 acres.</p><br>
<p>In January 1914 the Cemetery Trustees proposed erecting a cemetery rest-house. Local architects Dornbusch and Connolly had prepared plans and specifications and had estimated the cost of the timber structure with red asbestos roof tiles at £100. The core was to be 12-foot wide with 6-foot arms stretching out on the four compass corners, and was to be located where two pathways intersected at right angles. An earlier scheme was for a shelter to stand near the centre, on an intersection where the principal roadways intersected. The structure would "harmonise with the foliage of the trees". While the community obviously felt the need, a shelter-shed was not erected until a bequest from William Mitchner enabled its construction.</p><br>
<p>A dominant landmark, erected in 1926, the octagonal William Mitchner Shelter-shed is a single-storey, brick and tin building situated in the middle of the Warwick General Cemetery. German born William Mitchner of Allora died in Toowoomba on 1 June 1918. Under his will, £1,500 was to be used to erect a memorial shelter-shed. He left explicit instructions in his will, including that it was to be built of brick and was "to contain in the left hand wing thereof a marble monument with an emblem of a simple marble cross resting thereon, the said monument to be surrounded with iron railings and to be inscribed as follows: - This Shelter-shed is the gift of William Mitchner for the benefit of the Public" and the date of his birth and death. The shelter shed was to include a vault for his body and on or near this a plaster bust of himself. To enhance the structure he wanted an appropriate steeple, bell and belfry. The vault and bust were to cost £150 and bell could cost between £150 and £200. The Cemetery Trustees were to invest £200 and use the income for the maintenance of the shelter and bust. The bell was to be tolled whenever a funeral was approaching. He also set aside £800 for a smaller shelter shed at the Allora Cemetery.</p><br>
<p>William Mitchner, born on 2 August 1841 in Germany, arrived in Allora about 1872 where he gained employment as a fireman or engineer in fellow German Francis Kates&#39; flourmill. Later he was a storekeeper in the shop that was replaced by the Commercial Hotel. He acquired interests in Allora, Warwick and Toowoomba and his death certificate gave his occupation as an investor. His inventory for probate revealed an estate of over $30,000. Mitchner left bequests to both the Warwick and Toowoomba hospitals, money for the Anglican and Catholic churches in both Warwick and Allora and money for the erection of an Anglican church in Hendon.</p><br>
<p>He also left money to his relatives and hometown in Germany. As Australia was at war with Germany in 1918 legal problems arose from this bequest. The distribution of his estate went to the Full Court in Brisbane in 1921 and on appeal to the High Court of Australia in 1922. Perhaps these legal issues explain why the memorial shelter shed was not put out to tender until 1926.</p><br>
<p>Established Warwick architects Dornbusch and Connolly, who accepted the tender of Phil Thornton for £1,236 in February 1926, designed the William Mitchner Shelter-shed. This octangular brick and cement structure was designed with a bell tower and seating accommodation inside. It did not have the wings detailed in Mitchners will but the shelter-shed does include a vault with marble crosses at ether end and marble plaque giving his details but no iron railing. In 1926 the Warwick and Allora Cemetery Trustees agreed to share the cost of a clay model for the bust. However, it is thought that Charles Astley created the Allora Mitchner bust and Petrie&#39;s Stonemasons were involved with the Warwick sculpture.</p><br>
<p>As the Cemetery Trustees died, moved out of the district, or resigned, the pertinent religious denomination appointed their replacements, although these appointments were not always gazetted. By September 1936 there were only two gazetted Trustees even though Churches had nominated new appointees. Meanwhile, there had been no Trustee meeting since 24 December 1933 and the Warwick City Council had been looking after the cemetery. While it was government policy to vest Cemetery Reserves in local councils, the Trustees were keen to retain their positions believing that as volunteers they saved taxpayers money especially as the cemetery was in the Shire of Rosenthal and not within the Warwick City boundaries.</p><br>
<p>Warwick City Council complained in February 1938 to the Lands Department about the cemetery&#39;s condition. A memo from the Toowoomba Land Office to Brisbane commented that the Cemetery Reserve comprised 52? acres including the original 8 acres. The Trustees had recently surveyed 5 new sections with spaces for 500 graves marked off in good order and proper alignment. The southern boundary fence, along Lancaster Street, was renewed and a painted sawn picket fence with suitable gates was erected along the eastern boundary, Wentworth Street, and the northern and western boundaries were adequately fenced. A properly formed gravelled roadway lead from the main entrance and most paths were well maintained although some were much overgrown with grass. The shelter shed containing the remains of William Mitchner in a vault was being repaired and painted at the time of inspection.</p><br>
<p>It was in 1938 that the Warwick City Council proposed the construction of a sewerage treatment works in the northern section of the cemetery. The Council sought Lands permission to divide the cemetery into two land parcels, with the southern part for Cemetery purposes and the northern for its Sewerage Treatment Works. For various controversial reasons, it was not until late 1940 that legislation was passed that vested Warwick City Council as the new Trustees of the cemetery. The Council&#39;s sewerage works were completed during the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>In April 1946, the Warwick City Council and Imperial (later Commonwealth) War Graves Commission officially established the Warwick War Graves Cemetery; that section of the cemetery then containing 22 graves. A pilgrimage to the war cemetery was held on Anzac Day that year. In July 1947, the local R.S.S.A.I.L.A. proposed to establish an area adjacent to the war cemetery for the burial of returned servicemen. Their request was approved in August 1947. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records Warwick General Cemetery as containing three Australian services war graves (in different parts of the cemetery) from the First World War and 25 from the Second, the majority (21) of the latter being buried in Rows A and B of Plot A.</p><br>
<p>Council set aside a section of land for a columbarium in 1964. However, the first interment was not until 1972.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1970s the Warwick City Council established a council depot for machinery and road making materials on part of the northern cemetery reserve, between the cemetery and the sewerage works. By 1974 the Cemetery Reserve was being used for three functions: that of Cemetery, Works Depot and Sewerage Treatment Works. Because it was necessary to gazette the three different uses of this reserve the Deed of Grant upon Trust for the Cemetery was surrendered in 1976 so that Lands could re-survey the land, dedicate roads and issue new Deeds of Grant.</p><br>
<p>Gazettal of the Warwick Shire Council as Trustees of the three reserves did not occur until 16 May 1997. At this time the former cemetery reserve bounded by the Condamine River in the north, Wentworth Street, Lancaster Street, Taylor Street and Lots 325 and 326 became a reserve for sewerage, a council depot and a reserve for cemeteries, crematoriums and mortuaries. The cemetery was reduced to an area of 13.63 HA (30 acres) and is separated from the depot by a road. While it is still located to the west of the CBD, it no longer includes the low-lying area adjoining a bend in the Condamine River as that area is used for other local government purposes.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1990s the Australian War Graves office refurbished the Warwick War Cemetery (located within Warwick General Cemetery) for $30,000 and this section includes a new lawn cemetery, columbarium and memorials to all fallen servicemen. It was re-opened on 12 April 1998, the same day that 28 trees were planted along Wentworth Street, opposite the Warwick War Graves, and dedicated in honour of the 28 original "Dungaree" recruits who departed Warwick on 16 November 1915 for service in the First World War.</p><br>
<p>There are many extant early graves and memorials in this burial ground. They include an 1863 grave of James Jackson who is credited with the founding of Freemasonry in Queensland. His grave is still maintained by the Warwick Masons. An early doctor, Dr Jonathon Labatt born in Ireland in 1808 and died in 1869, lobbied for a vaccine institution on the Downs. Accidents often caused deaths. Octavius Frederick Farquharson aged 22 was buried in 1867 after a fall from his horse.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Fitzherbert (Herbert) Evans died in 1870; he was Warwicks first Clerk of Petty Sessions and he purchased the land that became the first part of the Cemetery Reserve. St George Richard Gore who died in 1871, was an early pastoralist, the districts first Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and Queenslands first Minister of Lands and Public Works. Scottish born John Deuchar worked for the pastoralist Leslie brothers before established his own merino sheep station in 1855 and in 1867 built his two-storey homestead, the well-known Glengallan Homestead. Deuchar was responsible for monuments in memory of his many employees and servants. He died in 1872 and was survived by his wife who is also buried in the Deuchar family plot. Another politician&#39;s grave is that of James Morgan who died in 1878. Morgan was instrumental in Warwick becoming a municipality in 1861, was an alderman in the first council, editor of the Warwick Argus, and the local state politician 1869-70 and 1873-76. Not all graves are those of important people, a South Sea Islander was buried in 1879 and another in 1881, and an 1880 grave is that of James Caulfield who died as a result of a railway blasting operation.</p><br>
<p>There are numerous children&#39;s graves as child mortality used to be high. The Clark family contains a gravestone to three children; Maria died in 1866, her 3-year-old brother and an 18-day-old sister on 21 August 1872. Their father, Charles Clark moved to the Darling Downs in 1861 where he and a partner established the first flourmill in Warwick. In 1868 Charles and his brother George bought Old Talgai which became well known for high-grade merino wool.</p><br>
<p>Warwick General Cemetery includes monuments for immigrants such as that of Frederich Reimers. He was born in Schleswich-Holstein in 1839, settled in the municipality of Warwick during the 1860s becoming a local cabinetmaker and undertaker. He died in 1915. Warwick&#39;s first stonemason, Scottish born John McCulloch established his business in 1863 on the corner of Wood and Dragon Streets. He was responsible for many of the cemetery monuments and his name is associated with masonry buildings such as St Marks Church, the Warwick Court House, the Warwick Town Hall and the Warwick railway goods shed. He died in 1918.</p><br>
<p>A 1944 grave is that of Monsignor Michael Potter who founded the Warwick Catholic Young Mens Society in 1894. He was nicknamed "the Builder", as he was responsible for the construction of several rural churches, and Warwicks St Marys Cathedral and Christian Brothers College. The Sterne family plot includes Warwick born Henry Sterne who died in 1954. He was an Alderman for 28 years and editor of the Warwick Examiner and Times for 29 years. Buried beside him is his second wife Elizabeth Sterne OBE who was involved with various community organisations such as the Country Women&#39;s Association.</p><br>
<p>Early pastoralists imported Chinese to work as shepherds, servants and gardeners and after the discovery of gold and tin in the district more Chinese moved to the area. Between 1875 and 1897 there were 24 Chinese buried in the pagan section, with a further 20 between 1990 and 1919. While many of the remains of those interred in this cemetery were later sent home to China and other markers have been lost, there are still marked graves in the pagan section of the cemetery. The Council is currently considering how to fence this area and recognise the contribution of these immigrants to the development of the district.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The northern end of the Warwick General Cemetery has the oldest graves and from the northern end the cemetery is divided into the old section which includes the Pagan, Jewish, Methodist, Congregational, Presbyterian, Catholic and Church of England sections. The southern end towards Lancaster Street is also divided into sections. The highest point of the Warwick General Cemetery is dominated by the Mitchner Memorial with the land descending gradually down to Wentworth and Lancaster Streets and the council depot and on the western elevation the terrain declines to a flatter area used as the lawn cemetery.</p><br>
<p>The Wentworth Street cyclone wire fence is divided by gates hinged on sandstone pillars that mark the entrance to each section. Within the monumental cemetery roads and pathways form a grid pattern and dividing it into denominational sections, while a road separates the lawn graves from the monumental sections. At its northern end this road curves separating the pagan and Methodist sections before straightening near the central north south road.</p><br>
<p>The most prominent structure in the cemetery is the Mitchner Memorial Shelter-shed, to one side of the central roadway and in the Church of England section. This memorial is octagonal in shape with 430-mm English bond brickwork with fine white pointing. The openings on the four points of the compass have gothic arches while alternative walls have a pair of smaller unglazed gothic arches.</p><br>
<p>Surmounting the octagonal corrugated iron roof is a ventilated octagonal timber belfry with a bell installed. The belfry and roofs have wide low-pitched gables over each door. Each corner is delineated by buttresses and stuccoed bands give an horizontal emphasis. The arch of all openings also has stucco surround. These bands are external and internal.</p><br>
<p>The floor is concrete while the ceiling is tongue and groove with eight iron ties radiating out from a central circle. Long timber pew- like seats abut walls. A sandstone vault is centrally located, on each end is a marble plaque with cross and the eastern aspect has a marble tablet inscribed: The William Mitchner Memorial This shelter shed is the gift of William Mitchner for the benefit of the public Under this stone lies his body Born August 2, 1841 Died Jude 1st 1918 A marble bust stands on a marble slab above the sarcophagus.</p><br>
<p>Complementing this 1926 rest area and nearby on the south is an E-shaped columbarium (c.1972), protected on the east by a modern garden.</p><br>
<p>Many of the tombstones are by local stonemasons, including James McCulloch, and others were transported from afar. Gravestones vary from simple upright tablets to more elaborate late Victorian types, including obelisks, broken columns, Celtic and Calvary crosses, urn- topped columns, horizontal slabs with tablets and more modern heart shaped memorials. War graves are simple white slabs with the brass tablet.</p><br>
<p>An unusual memorial is a bodystone, a horizontal tombstone in the shape of a burial casket. An 1908 memorial in memory of a wife who died shortly after her marriage is a marble angel that appears to drops fresh flowers onto his beloved&#39;s grave. A 1924 memorial to a young man features a football and a broken column symbolising a life cut short. A large 1939 monument near the Lawn Cemetery has a pink granite base below crafted sandstone with an urn framed by columns. The 1942 grave of a farmer who studied taxidermy has a small kingfisher in a glass-fronted niche at the base of his heart shaped polished black granite headstone. This tombstone is further embellished with fern sprays and a dove in flight.</p><br>
<p>Inscriptions can provide biographical information, personal history and cause of death. The 1866 gravestone of Elizabeth Diamond Hammersley includes that she died at Glengallan and was a servant to John Deuchar. The words on the McLeod tombstone, which includes the names of a three-year old and 8-month old child who both died in September 1864, suggest an epidemic or tragedy. A rough headstone of a man killed accidentally has the words "Thy Will Be Done". Martin Otto Roggenkamp&#39;s inscription not only provides date of birth and death it also includes his occupation of painter. Inscriptions often include place of birth, words such as "native of Westmeath, Ireland" and "born Taunton Somerset England". Inscriptions also reveal if it is a monument for a single person or several persons, and usually provides the relationships. In the Jewish section there is a memorial to two young children. The inscription is in both Hebrew and English. The few extant Chinese memorials are tablets with inscriptions in Chinese characters.</p><br>
<p>Grave plots can be for a single person or a family group. Some of the older graves have cast-iron picket fencing such as the Clark family&#39;s which also has a gate. The majority of graves have a concrete kerbing.</p><br>
<p>While pine trees are along the road beside the Lawn Cemetery few exist in the older parts of the cemetery. Graves often seem crowded in this older section and the paths and graves do not have the rigid grid layout as in the post-1930s sections.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is well maintained, however, in the older sections some monuments have deteriorated and others lean at oblique angles.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warwick General Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 April 2001 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Warwick General Cemetery is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland history in that it provides evidence of the occupations, social status and demography of the Warwick district, particularly displaying the diversity of the town&#39;s cultural, religious and ethnic groups since the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>Warwick General Cemetery has significance as one of the oldest cemeteries in Queensland. Brisbane&#39;s two oldest extant cemeteries are Dunwich Cemetery gazetted in 1849 and the Nundah Cemetery which dates from the 1840s. The Toowoomba Drayton cemetery like that at Warwick was surveyed in 1850. Thomas Ayers was buried in the Drayton cemetery on 11 September 1850 and the earliest know Warwick Cemetery burial occurred in 1853.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Warwick General Cemetery survives as a good example of its type, with a variety of headstones and monuments illustrating changing public attitudes to commemoration of the dead. While monuments and headstones vary in size, quality and condition they reflect the social, religious and architectural history of Warwick from the 1850s to the 21st century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The form and design of the shelter-shed and its dominating central position exhibits aesthetic characteristics valued by the community as do the diversity of headstones, grounds, and formal arrangement of graves.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The large masonry Mitchner Shelter-shed, designed by prominent Warwick architects Dornbusch and Connolly, was a given to the community by William Mitchner for the benefit of the community as a roofed rest area for use during internments, when visiting, refuge from the weather and as a meeting place. It has a special association with the Warwick community for social, cultural and spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery has a special association with many notable individuals and families who have contributed to the historical evolution of Warwick and district and to the mythology associated with pastoral and pioneering life.</p><br>
<p>Warwick Town Hall is a heritage-listed town hall at 72 Palmerin Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1887 to 1917. It is also known as Footballers Memorial. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Officially opened on 1 October 1888 by Mayor of Warwick, Arthur Morgan, this sandstone building survives as evidence of the consolidation of Warwick as a business and administrative centre for the surrounding district during the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Warwick township developed slowly during the 1850s and by 1857 the population of the parish of Warwick had reached just over 1,300. Under the provisions of the 1858 Municipalities Act (NSW), any centre with a population in excess of 1,000 was entitled to petition the colonial government for recognition as a municipality. Brisbane was the first town in what was soon to become Queensland to receive municipal status under the 1858 Act, and was proclaimed Borough of Brisbane on 7 September 1859.</p><br>
<p>By 1859, the year of separation of Queensland from New South Wales, the township of Warwick was recognised as a major urban centre on the Darling Downs, and when Queensland&#39;s new electoral districts (settled areas only) were proclaimed on 20 December 1859, the electorate of the Town of Warwick had its own representative in the Legislative Assembly.</p><br>
<p>In February 1861 a petition calling for municipal status for the town of Warwick, with 110 signatures appended, was sent to the Queensland Governor, and on 25 May 1861 the Borough of Warwick was proclaimed a municipality under the 1858 NSW legislation. The municipal boundary followed the original Warwick Town Reserve of five square miles. Warwick was the fifth corporation created in Queensland outside of Brisbane, being preceded by Ipswich, Toowoomba, Rockhampton and Maryborough. The first Warwick municipal election was conducted on 5 July 1861, and at its first meeting on 15 July 1861, the Warwick Municipal Council elected John James Kingsford as the first mayor of Warwick.</p><br>
<p>In 1861 the first Warwick Town Hall was established in a slab building at the northern end of Albion Street, which had been constructed in the early 1850s as Warwick&#39;s first Court House. In 1873 the Council purchased the Masonic Hall, a brick building in Palmerin Street, and this served as the Warwick Town Hall until imposing new premises were constructed in 1887.</p><br>
<p>A competition for the design of the new Town Hall was held in 1885, expenditure not exceeding £3 500. First place in the competition was won by Clark Bros, a partnership formed in Sydney in 1883 between architect brothers John J and George Clark; the design by Clark Bros coming closest to Council&#39;s budget. However it was the design of second place getter Willoughby Powell which although more costly, was eventually chosen for the new Town Hall.</p><br>
<p>Powell had arrived in Queensland, and practiced as an architect until. During Powell&#39;s architectural career in which he alternated between employment in the Queensland Public Works Department and periods of private practice, he was responsible for the design of a number of substantial buildings in Toowoomba, Maryborough and Brisbane including churches, private residences, shops, hotels, and the Toowoomba Grammar School. Powell was also responsible for the winning design in a competition for the (third) Toowoomba City Hall, although he subsequently had to give up supervision of its construction to Toowoomba architects James Marks and Son in order to take up an appointment in the Works Department.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the building were called in 188?. Although tenders were called for brick and stone, Council accepted the tender of Michael OBrian for a stone building, and the contract with OBrian was signed in March 1887. Shortly after the commencement of construction, OBrian advised the Council he was insolvent, and arranged for the firm of Stewart, Law and Longwill to take over the work. The stone work was sub-let to John McCulloch, a Warwick stonemason responsible for the stone work on a number of prominent buildings in the town including Pringle Cottage, the Warwick Court House, St Marks Anglican Church, St Andrews Church, Warwick Central State School, Our Lady of Assumption Convent), the goods sheds at Warwick railway station and the former Albion Street Post Office.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of the new Town Hall was laid in August 1887 by Lady Griffith, wife of then Premier of Queensland, Sir Samuel Walker Griffith. A bottle, sealed with the Corporation seal and containing a copy of a commemorative scroll, copies of the local papers and coins, was placed in a cavity in the stone.</p><br>
<p>A clock tower was not part of Powells original design for the new Town Hall. In late 1887 however, it had been suggested that the building would be enhanced by the addition of a clock tower. At a meeting of ratepayers in December 1887, a vote was carried in favour of the addition of a tower which was subsequently incorporated into the building. The clock itself was not installed until. As part of the striking apparatus, it is understood that the Council acquired a bell from St Marys Church in Warwick which was eventually installed on the outside of the tower.</p><br>
<p>Occupied by the Council from September 1888, the new Town Hall was formally opened in October that year by the Mayor of Warwick, Arthur Morgan. The event was marked with a concert given by the local Philharmonic Society. In his remarks, Morgan described the new Town Hall as "...a credit to the town and If there were any truth in the saying that the history of a town was known by the character of its buildings, then the Municipal Council of Warwick had no reason to be ashamed of the page they had contributed to the history of their town".</p><br>
<p>Gas lighting was installed in the building in 1889, subsequently replaced by electricity.</p><br>
<p>In early 1917 a movement was initiated by James Brown, Patron of the Warwick and District Amateur Rugby Football League, to erect a memorial to honour the Warwick league football heroes, who have given their lives for their King and country (and those who may yet fall). A committee was formed, subscriptions collected and a tablet unveiled at a ceremony in May 1917. Inscribed with names and placed at the entrance to the Town Hall, the tablet was the work of Warwick masons Troyahn, Coulter and Thompson. In unveiling the tablet, the then Mayor of Warwick Ald. Gilham drew contemporary parallels between war and sport, suggesting that There were worse places for young fellows to be than on the football field and places that were not such good training grounds to fit the young fellows for service to the Empire. It was said that Waterloo was won on the cricket fields of England. Probably some of the glories of the war had been contributed to, and to some extent made possible by, the previous practice the boys had received on the football fields of sunny Queensland.</p><br>
<p>A tablet/plaque to the memory of Colonel William James Foster CB, CMG, DSO, Australian Staff Corps is also located at the entrance to the Town Hall. Colonel Foster was born in Warwick in 1881 and died in England in 1927. The memorial was erected by Colonel Foster&#39;s Brother Officers, Australian Staff Corps and Australian Light Horse.</p><br>
<p>In October 1935 Warwick celebrated (prematurely) 75 years of municipal government, and at this time the local press popularised the idea of the town being proclaimed a city. Under the provisions of the Local Government Acts, Queensland Cabinet approved the granting of city status to Warwick on 2 April 1936, and this was celebrated in the new City of Warwick on 29 June.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1960s, the Town Hall was considered generally inadequate for the purposes of the City Council. A new administration centre was erected at the corner of Fitzroy and Albion Streets, and the last meeting of the Council was held in the Town Hall in August 1975.</p><br>
<p>The hall was re-roofed in 1975, and a damp course inserted into the main building in 1976. The facades were cleaned in 1978, and the foyer and interior of the hall have been remodelled.</p><br>
<p>On 1 October 1988, the centenary of the town hall was celebrated with a plaque commemorating the event. The plaque was unveiled by Mayor of Warwik, Stanley Richard Walsh. A path of trees was also planted in Apex Park (Victoria Park) to commemorate the occasion.</p><br>
<p>In July 1994 the Queensland Government amalgamated the City of Warwick and the surrounding Shires of Allora, Glengallan and Rosenthal to form the Shire of Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The former Council offices in the Town Hall are now occupied by the Warwick Education Centre. The Town Hall remains in use as a venue for community functions including flower shows, school plays and other entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Warwick Town Hall is a two-storeyed sandstone building of Classical influence, with a symmetrical principal facade addressing Palmerin Street, the main street of Warwick. This main western facade has recessed colonnaded verandahs to both levels, and a central entry bay emphasised by an imposing clock tower. The stone is laid in ashlar coursing and mostly of tooled finish with polished trims. This western end of the building contains two levels of offices, behind which is the main hall with the stage at the eastern end. Beyond this is a single-storey timber extension of backstage areas.</p><br>
<p>The central bay to the street facade emphasises the entry with columns and pilasters of Tuscan order, and a segmental pediment with a shield motif at its centre. The upper level of this bay has similar columns and pilasters and a bracketed triangular pediment, with "1888" carved to its centre and "TOWN HALL" to its entablature. To either side at the lower level is a colonnade of segmental arches, and to the upper level is a recessed verandah of semicircular arches with cast iron balustrades and timber handrails. Above is a bracketed cornice and a stone parapet with circular openings, topped with urns. The clock tower is square in plan, with square pilastered corners and a clock face on all four sides. It is capped by a high-pitched truncated pyramid roof of corrugated iron, with horseshoe-shaped louvred vents, decorative iron cresting and a flagpole at its apex.</p><br>
<p>The lower colonnade has a concrete floor, boarded soffit, and single- pane vertical sash windows with semicircular heads. Within the colonnade are archways to either side of the entry forming a small vestibule. Mounted on the wall is the Footballers Memorial. The returns to this western facade are less ornate, with similar windows, projecting stone sills, string courses, and the continuing cornice and parapet. The exterior to the main body of the hall is less ornate again, with only projecting sills, tall awning windows also with semicircular heads, and a gabled corrugated iron roof with three decorative vents to its ridge. The roof behind the parapet to the western end is hipped, with a protruding stone chimney and dormer window. The chamferboard addition to the rear has an assortment of windows, and a corrugated iron lean-to roof with several skylights.</p><br>
<p>Entry to the building is through a pair of substantial six-panelled timber doors, which have a smaller segmental stone pediment over, and "TOWN HALL" set into the threshold. The Entry Hall has several four- panelled cedar doors with glazed fanlights to offices on either side, and a moulded plaster archway leading to the cedar staircase up to the second level. This open-welled stair begins with a curtail step and handrail scroll, and features turned newels and balusters, and a boarded soffit lining. From the second landing is the entry to the Gallery through a similar doorway. At the top of the stair is a series of doorways to offices, formally the "Mayors Room", the "Council Chambers" and the "Town Clerk", as announced by the painted signs on the doors lock rails. Above this is a further stair of similar character but of lesser width which leads into the clocktower. The former Council Chamber has glazed French doors with semicircular fanlights leading onto the recessed verandah; a moulded cedar chimney piece; and two panelled cedar bulkheads to the Town Clerks room, one of which still has its hinged panelled cedar dividing wall. Fixed to the south wall is a timber post, a remnant of a rail which has since been removed. The windows generally to the side wall also have semicircular heads. These rooms have boarded ceilings with fretted roses.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the stair lobby is a recently altered foyer space giving entry to the main hall. The foyer features two cast iron columns, with two more enclosed in glass cases built into the wall. Entry to the Hall is through a pair of timber doors with glazed panels etched with "TOWN HALL", which appear to have been repositioned into the new wall alignment. The hall itself is a long rectangular room with the stage at the eastern end. Tall narrow windows with awning sashes and semicircular heads punctuate the walls on both sides. The coffered ceiling is of wide beaded board with beaded timber-clad beams between, and a curved perimeter of narrow horizontal boards. There is a pressed metal ceiling rose in every second coffer. The hall contains a gallery to the western end over the entry foyer. The gallery has a wrought iron balustrade, and a pressed metal frieze along the fascia and return with brackets over the columns. There is an exit via a side door and a steel external stair.</p><br>
<p>The stage is of timber boards. Over the stage is a proscenium decorated with timber mouldings. Above the stage is a timber catwalk, from which can be seen the substantial timber king-post roof trusses.</p><br>
<p>Beyond the stage is a single-storey chamferboard extension on timber stumps, which houses backstage areas, change rooms, a meeting room and a kitchen. It has wall linings of fibrous cement and tongue-and groove boards. Parts of these areas have timber brackets and beads to the wall and ceiling linings painted to give these rooms something of a Tudor flavour.</p><br>
<h3>Footballer's Memorial</h3><br>
<p>On the external front wall of the hall is a marble plaque, the Warwick Amateur Rugby League War Memorial to Footballers. It lists nineteen footballers who lost their lives during the First World War. It is an honour board of classical influence with leaded lettering, and decorated with bas-relief carving. The base is supported by two brackets ornamented with acanthus leaves. Pilasters with Corinthian capitals and foliage motifs border the role, joined at the top by a dentil cornice. Above the cornice is a triangular pediment, within which are crossed rifles over a football and a crown at its apex.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Town Hall and Footballers Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Officially opened in October 1888, this sandstone building survives as evidence of the consolidation and importance of Warwick as a business and administrative centre for the surrounding district during the late nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Town Hall is a rare surviving intact example of a nineteenth century town hall in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1917 at the main entrance to the town hall, the Footballers Memorial is an unusual example of a war memorial, reflecting the contemporary parallels drawn between war and sport, and providing a unique historical record of local participation and sacrifice in the First World War.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building retains much of its original layout, including timber joinery, and contains evidence via signage, of the allocation of functions and offices.</p><br>
<p>The tablet displays fine craftsmanship, and demonstrates the work of local stonemasons, Troyahn, Coulter and Thompson.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Prominently situated within Palmerin Street, this substantial stone building contributes to the Palmerin Street streetscape and Warwick townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building continues a long association with the Warwick community as a focal point for social and community functions.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick Town Hall has an association with the public work of architect Willoughby Powell, as one of a number of substantial public buildings in Queensland centres designed by Powell during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.</p><br>
<p>Warwick War Memorial and Gates is a heritage-listed memorial at Fitzroy Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1923 to 1924. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Warwick War Memorial was constructed in 1923 and the gates were completed one year later in 1924. It is thought to be designed by Roy and Hugh Campbell and executed by Frank Williams. The memorial honours the 122 local men who fell during the First World War and the gates honour the 377 who served and returned. The memorial is situated on the south-eastern corner of Leslie Park, which has been a recreational square and park for the town since the first surveys in the late 1840s.</p><br>
<p>Warwick was established as an administrative centre of the emerging Darling Downs regions in 1847, with a post office being established in the town in 1848. This year saw the first survey work of the embryonic town completed by surveyor, James Charles Burnett, with further surveys in 1850, and the first sale of crown land in July 1850.</p><br>
<p>These early surveys of Warwick saw land in the central part of town reserved for use as a public square and bounded by Victoria, Guy, Fitzroy and Palmerin Streets and intersected by Albert Street. These two blocks are now known as Leslie Park, in which the War Memorial is situated and Cunningham Park, which is on the block to the north of this.</p><br>
<p>By 1867 the Warwick Argus reports that the Recreation Square presents a very neat appearance, having been surrounded by a wire fence. A description in this report indicates that the square is in two sections, that to the north and south of Albert Street, which is described as a carriage road, and that these two sections are surrounded by the timber and iron fences with entrances at each corner of both sections. From the report it is understood that the square was set aside for healthy and invigorating recreation, and that the provision of such a reserve would ensure the development of Warwick as a desirable and fashionable resort.</p><br>
<p>The Recreation Square seems to have been subject to constant upgrading by the Local Council, who administered both this and the Reserve for Public Park, an allotment of 52 acres to the north east of the town, known as Queen&#39;s Park. In 1869 tenders were called in the Warwick Examiner and Times for the erection of two large and eight small gates to the Square.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the Crown Land&#39;s Alienation Act of 1868, which required that public notice be given of Crown Land which was to be permanently reserved from public, four Reserves were set aside in Warwick in 1869. One of the four reserves was this Recreation Square which then became officially gazetted as such.</p><br>
<p>Improvements continued in the Square, with the aid and advice of Director of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens, Walter Hill, who spent a great deal of time travelling to various squares and parks in Queensland and reporting upon their condition and improvements. In 1876, Hill visited Queen&#39;s Parks in Ipswich, Toowoomba and Warwick, and wrote extensive reports of both these and other parks and squares in these towns. By this stage the fence and gates on the Recreation Square are reported by Hill as substantial and suitable, with gates for pedestrians at each corner of the two sections of the Square, and paths from each gate crossing the square diagonally so as to afford great facilities to pedestrians. Walter Hill, at the request of the Mayor of Warwick, supplied many trees, which were firstly tended in a nearby garden and then transplanted in the square. Many established trees and park features are extant in Leslie Park today, including the diagonal paths mentioned by Hill in his report.</p><br>
<p>Among the alterations which have occurred in Leslie Park, so named to honour the Leslie family who were early pioneers of the Darling Downs, was the erection of the War Memorial and Memorial Gates. The foundation stone of the War Memorial was laid June 7, 1923 by the then Prime Minister of Australia, Hon Stanley Bruce and unveiled by the Queensland Governor, Sir Matthew Nathan, on December 5, 1923 at a ceremony attended by 3000 people. The memorial was erected to cherish and perpetuate the memory of the men of Warwick and district who were faithful unto death in the Empire&#39;s glorious struggle for righteousness and freedom.</p><br>
<p>The Memorial was constructed for £1445 of Helidon sandstone by the well known and highly regarded masonry firm of F Williams and Company of Ipswich</p><br>
<p>It was reputedly designed by Roy Campbell of Warwick, although the designs may, in fact be those of his father, Hugh Campbell. Upon unveiling the Memorial, the Governor was said to have expressed pleasure in the involvement of a returned soldier in the work of the Memorial, and this is believed to refer to Roy Campbell who served in the war.</p><br>
<p>The same designer and contractor were responsible for the Memorial Gates, which were erected one year later in 1924.</p><br>
<p>Since then other war memorials have been added to Leslie Park, adjacent to the gates, flanking the principal memorial; these include two cairns, one commemorating the Second World War and the other for various wars including those in Vietnam, Korea, Borneo and Malaya; as well as two war guns. As well, various buildings have been added to the park including a lawn bowls club and green, a kindergarten and playground and various council administration and storage buildings.</p><br>
<p>Australia, and Queensland in particular, had few civic monuments before the First World War. The memorials erected in its wake became our first national monuments, recording the devastating impact of the war on a young nation. Australia lost 60,000 from a population of about 4 million, representing one in five of those who served. No previous or subsequent war has made such an impact on the nation.</p><br>
<p>Even before the end of the war, memorials became a spontaneous and highly visible expression of national grief. To those who erected them, they were as sacred as grave sites, substitute graves for the Australians whose bodies lay in battlefield cemeteries in Europe and the Middle East. British policy decreed that the Empire war dead were to be buried where they fell. The word "cenotaph", commonly applied to war memorials at the time, literally means "empty tomb".</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are distinctive in that they commemorate not only the dead. Australians were proud that their first great national army, unlike other belligerent armies, was composed entirely of volunteers, men worthy of honour whether or not they made the supreme sacrifice. Many memorials honour all who served from a locality, not just the dead, providing valuable evidence of community involvement in the war. Such evidence is not readily obtainable from military records, or from state or national listings, where names are categorised alphabetically or by military unit.</p><br>
<p>Australian war memorials are also valuable evidence of imperial and national loyalties, at the time, not seen as conflicting; the skills of local stonemasons, metalworkers and architects; and of popular taste. In Queensland, the soldier statue was the popular choice of memorial, whereas the obelisk predominated in the southern states, possibly a reflection of Queensland&#39;s larger working-class population and a lesser involvement of architects.</p><br>
<p>Many of the First World War monuments have been updated to record local involvement in later conflicts, and some have fallen victim to unsympathetic re-location and repair.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Warwick War Memorial is situated in the south eastern corner of Leslie Park, inside the Memorial Gates which address the corner of Fitzroy and Palmerin Street, Warwick.</p><br>
<p>The War Memorial is a substantial Helidon sandstone and granite structure facing the south eastern corner of Leslie Park, Warwick, where the Memorial Gates are diagonally situated. The memorial stands 35 feet (10.7m) high, and comprises a base, pedestal and surmounting Celtic cross. The sandstone pedestal of the memorial sits on a stepped granite base, the upper step of which is rough cut and has a foundation stone on the south west face.</p><br>
<p>The banded sandstone plinth of the memorial has square planned piers projecting slightly from the corners which continue the decorative banding and are surmounted by pyramidal pinnacles. This section of the memorial features AIF badges, and a marble plaque, which in leaded lettering lists the 122 local soldiers who fell in the First World War. Resting on this section is the recessed sandstone shaft of the memorial, the entablature of which is supported at each corner on four polished granite columns with Corinthian capitals. The shaft has a carved wreath, carved lettering The Honoured Dead and Roman fasces on each corner. The entablature comprises a simply moulded architrave, a more elaborate cornice with dentils and a recessed frieze on which the dates 1914 - 1918 are carved in relief. Surmounting the entablature are three sandstone steps on which rest a carved sandstone Celtic cross.</p><br>
<p>The gates have four rough-cut coursed sandstone pillars, 2.9m high, the outer two of which are surmounted with marble globelike finials. Marble name plates with leaded lettering give lists of those from the district who fought in the First World War and returned. Iron swinging gates allow vehicular traffic between the inner piers and pedestrian traffic between these and the outer piers.</p><br>
<p>Leslie Park has entrances on each corner, with gravelled paths from the entrances diagonally crossing the area. At the centre of the park, where the paths meet, is a rock and water feature, heavily built up with concrete block. The paths are lined with large established trees. The entrance on the corner of Fitzroy and Guy Streets features gates taken from Glengallan Homestead and re-used to celebrate the centenary of the Leslie brothers establishing Canning Downs pastoral run in 1840. The arrangement of the Leslie centenary gates was designed to be similar to the war memorial gates in appearance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warwick War Memorial and Gates was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>War Memorials are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history as they are representative of a recurrent theme that involved most communities throughout the state. They provide evidence of an era of widespread Australian patriotism and nationalism, particularly during and following the First World War.</p><br>
<p>Leslie Park is important in demonstrating the pattern of growth of the town of Warwick, as it was set aside as a square for public recreation in the initial surveys of the town, completed in the late 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is a rare example of a memorial still situated in its intact setting.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The monuments manifest a unique documentary record and are demonstrative of popular taste in the inter-war period.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1923, the war memorial and gates at Warwick demonstrate the principal characteristics of a commemorative structure erected as an enduring record of a major historical event. This is achieved through the setting and the appropriate use of various symbolic elements.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The memorial in its setting are a landmark within Warwick and contribute to the aesthetic qualities of the townscape.</p><br>
<p>The memorial and gates are of aesthetic significance for their high level of workmanship and design.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The memorial has a strong and continuing association with the community as evidence of the impact of a major historic event and as the focal point for the remembrance of that event.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>It also has special associations with architects Roy and Hugh Campbell, the local designers and F Williams and Company, a prominent Ipswich masonry firm.</p><br>
<p>Warwick Central State School is a heritage-listed state school at 55B Guy Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1874 to 1875. It is also known as Warwick West Boys School, Girls School and Infants School and Warwick West School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 February 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Central State School is a stone building constructed in 1875 as the second school in Warwick, but one of the earliest State-run schools in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Education in Australia was first provided by Churches and by small private concerns. In 1848 a New South Wales Board of National Education was formed to provide public, secular education through National Schools. When Queensland separated from New South Wales in December 1859, two National Schools had been built in Queensland, the earliest in Warwick in 1850.The Education Act of 1860 was amongst the earliest legislation enacted by the new colony of Queensland. It established a Board of General Education and provided for a system of government-subsidised primary schools, similar to that in New South Wales. Under the Queensland Act, communities were required to contribute one-third of the cost of construction of new school buildings. Pupils at schools were also subject to payment of fees. At its commencement in 1860, the Board acquired four schools; 73 schools had been opened by 1868, and by 1874, 203 schools were open.</p><br>
<p>Many of the schools were conducted in buildings that were of primitive construction, the first Warwick school being constructed of timber slabs.</p><br>
<p>Warwick was settled early and soon became an important regional centre. The Warwick National School quickly became overcrowded and, as development in Warwick spread westward, was no longer centrally located. In 1873 subscriptions were opened for a new school. In August, three lots of land on the corner of Guy and Percy Streets were purchased from George Clark of East Talgai for £150. The firm of Suter and Voysey submitted plans to the Board of Education on 20 September 1873 at a proposed cost of £1800.</p><br>
<p>Architect Benjamin Backhouse employed Richard George Suter in 1865. In 1864 Backhouse had prepared a model plan for the Queensland Board of Education, to be used for country schools. Whilst employed in Backhouses office Suter prepared designs for school buildings, which later lead to the Board commissioning Suter for the design of timber schools and teachers residences. From the end of 1868 until 1875, Suter undertook almost all of the Board&#39;s work, which involved approximately 30 National Schools. He described the plans for the school as being drawn up with "the strictest view to economy and consistency with the accommodation required." This accommodation provided for large classrooms with galleried seating where several classes would be taught at the same time under several teachers and pupil teachers.</p><br>
<p>The Mayor of Warwick, at a ceremony attended by 2000, people laid the foundation stone on 25 June 1874. The stonework was contracted to John McCulloch at a cost of £1055. John Keleher carried out the timber structures and joinery. The roof was originally shingled. It was completed by the end of March 1875 and was known as the Warwick Central School, the Warwick National School being renamed the Warwick East School. A dividing fence was constructed in the following year to separate the girls and boys sections.</p><br>
<p>Architect Richard Gailey, reporting to the Board of Education on 12 November 1875 criticised the design for its poor lighting and ventilation and commented on the ill fit of the windows. He recommended the construction of playground shelter sheds.</p><br>
<p>It was usual for parents to provide one fifth of the cost of such sheds and money was collected for them. They cost £140 each and were built by Keleher and completed by 5 February 1878.</p><br>
<p>In 1884 Johann Guntz bequeathed land adjoining the school and further land was added to the grounds in 1892 from the estate of Carl Brell.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick West School was divided by gender, the Girls and Infants School and the Boys School being conducted in identical wings of the school separated by walls and by a dividing fence down the centre of the school grounds. This division of the sexes remained in place until 1 January 1933 when the two schools where finally amalgamated to become the Warwick Central State School.</p><br>
<p>In 1909 both the main school building and toilet block required re- roofing. In 1910 a timber addition was made to the north of the main building. A report at the time also made mention of the poor lighting in the main building. In 1914 dormer windows in the main building were inserted.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 an open-air annexe was erected at a cost of £1167. While the annexe did relieve some of the over crowding its open nature was a cause of some concern with numerous reports to the Department of Education on it deficiencies as a classroom.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 Bert Mitchell planted a Bunya pine seedling at the front of the building in honour of this son, Walter who attended the school as a 5 year old.</p><br>
<p>In 1939 the school and playsheds were reported to be in bad order and the Superintendent of Works from the Education Department recommended a new brick building replace the exiting main building, but this did not eventuate.</p><br>
<p>In 1956 and 1961 two new schools were built in Warwick and they relieved the overcrowding issue at Warwick Central State School.</p><br>
<p>In 1959 a new wing with six classrooms was constructed and two further classrooms were added in 1968-1969. When the new classrooms were built, the original school building was converted to convert to administrative use, a library and music rooms.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former West Warwick School is set in well kept gardens with the main entrance facing Guy Street.</p><br>
<h3>School Building</h3><br>
<p>The original school is a single story building, T-shaped in plan and constructed from brown sandstone blocks. The gabled roof is clad in corrugated iron sheeting and is set with pairs of dormer windows on each side of the roof. Each dormer is composed of four single paned casements.</p><br>
<p>The eastern, principal, elevation features a projecting gable with two narrow lancet windows with a small arched window above them and a centrally positioned circular air vent. A similar arrangement of vent and lancet windows is found at the western gabled end of the building. On the northern and southern gable ends there are sets of three narrow lancet windows. Above each set is a small arched window. The eastern elevation has five large square windows to both northern and southern wings on either side of the projecting gabled entry porch. On both sides of each wing are open verandahs. The southwestern section is enclosed and incorporates a timber extension now used as a tuck shop.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building is divided into four large rooms. At the front is the gabled entry to the southern wing currently used for school administration. The northern wing houses the library and the western wing is divided into two rooms currently used for music and storage rooms.</p><br>
<p>The administration wing is lined with fibrous cemented sheeting and contains an office and staff room. The Library is open planned and the rooms in the western wing retain the original spaces though the dividing walls have been removed, presumably when the single sex schools amalgamated.</p><br>
<p>The ceiling in the main building is lined with pressed metal. Modern stained glass windows have recently been inserted into the lancet windows on the northern wall of the library wing.</p><br>
<h3>Playshed</h3><br>
<p>One of the original playground shelter shed remains on the southern side of the grounds. It is timber framed with a gabled roof clad in corrugated iron. Walls to the lower half screen the rear and end walls. A section has been enclosed at the western end and is used for storage.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warwick Central State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 6 February 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>As a substantial and early government primary school, the former Warwick West School demonstrates the development of the education system in Queensland. The building was constructed in 1874-5, a period of expansion for educational facilities in Queensland. It is an early example of a masonry school building designed by prominent architect RG Suter who was responsible for the design of many school buildings in Queensland from the late 1860s to the mid 1870s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The school is uncommon as an early and substantially intact school building and as one constructed of local stone, rather than brick or the timber later in common use.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building demonstrates the principal characteristics of early schools such as the provision of large classrooms for teaching by the Lancastrian system and in its gender division, separating class and play areas for girls and boys.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick Central State School has aesthetic value as an early example of Gothic revival school architecture and as a prominently sited building, pleasing in form and material, makes an important contribution to the character of Guy Street.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick Central State School has provided primary education to generations of Warwick children and continues to be valued in this role.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Warwick Central State School is significant as an example of the work of influential architect Richard Suter, who made an important contribution to the design of schools in Queensland. It is the only stone State school building designed by him in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Warwick East State School is a heritage-listed state school at 45 Fitzroy Street, Warwick, Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Benjamin Joseph Backhouse and built from 1864 to 1912. It is also known as Warwick National School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Warwick National School is a one storeyed brick building which was constructed in 1864 to designs of early Queensland architect, Benjamin Backhouse.</p><br>
<p>The first surveys were carried out in Warwick by James Charles Burnett in April, 1850, with the first land sale following soon after in July of that year. On May 25, 1861 Warwick was declared a municipality (the Borough of Warwick) and continued to grow steadily as the service centre of the Southern Darling Downs. During the 1860s the tradition of building permanent masonry buildings in Warwick began.</p><br>
<p>The first school in Warwick was established by the Board of National Education on October 25, 1850. This was set up largely as the result of efforts by local pioneer, George Leslie who was concerned about the education of his own children and those of other families in the district. He started making enquires to the Board of National Education in September 1848 but it was not until September 1850 that the school was actually established with thirty students.</p><br>
<p>The first headmaster was a Mr George Abbott, and the school ran until December 1852 when it closed until April 1853 re-opening with Mr George Lewis as the headmaster. Mr Jonathan Harris was appointed headmaster in 1855 and retained this position until 1860.</p><br>
<p>Before separation in 1859, the NSW Board of National Education, set up by Governor Charles Augustus FitzRoy in 1848, was charged with establishing and administering schools, and it was under provisions from this body that four National Schools were established in what was to become Queensland. The Warwick National School was the first of these and a school was established in Drayton in 1851. By 1860 a boys and girls school were established in Brisbane.</p><br>
<p>After Queensland separated from New South Wales in 1859, the newly formed Queensland Government became responsible for the education services provided in the new colony. The Education Act of 1860 saw the establishment of a Board of Education combining the roles of the former National and Denominational Schools of NSW.</p><br>
<p>After the 1860 Act the Warwick National School, along with the three other government schools, came under the jurisdiction of the newly created Board of Education. Soon after this, in 1864-5, the present brick building was constructed on the site to designs of prominent architect, Benjamin Backhouse. This building joined an earlier timber structure used as a classroom, constructed at the school&#39;s inception in 1850.</p><br>
<p>Backhouse, who was based in Brisbane from mid 1861 until late 1868, designed many of the early National Schools for the newly created Board, including those at Toowoomba, Condamine, Laidley, Maryborough, Bowen, Nanango, Bald Hills and Goondiwindi. He was responsible for many early permanent churches in Queensland, including the former St Marys Roman Catholic Church in Warwick, the now demolished Union Presbyterian Church in Brisbane and St Stephens Roman Catholic Cathedral.</p><br>
<p>When completed the National School at Warwick was a single storeyed brick building, with asymmetrically placed entrance porch and small windows lining the eastern and western elevations of the building. By 1874 the buildings which comprised the Warwick National School were considered inadequate for the growing town and the establishment of a new school, the Warwick Central State School, was planned. The foundation stone was laid on June 25, 1874 by the Mayor, at a celebration attended by not less than 2000 people. When this new school, on the corner of Guy and Percy Streets, opened in 1875, the former Warwick National School, became known as the Warwick East State School, a name it retains to this day.</p><br>
<p>By 1878, the Inspector for Schools recommended that two ten feet wide verandahs be added to the 1864 brick building at Warwick East State School on the east and west sides, and that a northern end verandah be enclosed to house lavatories and classrooms. This work was carried out at a cost of £175.</p><br>
<p>By 1911 the site of the Warwick East State School was considered to be unfavourably situated, the surroundings are inimical to children&#39;s health and morals, bounded by an open sewer conveying drainage from the lower parts of the town and on the northern boundary lived people of suspicious morals, and to the south was a miserable hovel touching the school fence. The concern of the parents in writing these complaints seems to revolve around attracting an appropriate teacher. However, a new site was not found and various improvements were carried out to the existing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The provision of lighting and ventilation in the 1864 brick building was inadequate and concerns were voiced in 1912 by the Public Works Department that these problems be addressed. The multi-pane window on the southern elevation was enlarged and two dormer windows were inserted on the eastern side of the corrugated iron roof. Concrete floors were formed in both the interior of the school and the verandahs and the walls, which were formerly face brick, were kalsomined. A hat room which had been added adjoining the east of the entrance porch was removed.</p><br>
<p>Later school buildings were gradually added to the site, but the early brick building remains the focal point and is remarkably intact. It is now used as a school hall, and classroom for music classes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Warwick National School is situated within the school grounds of the Warwick East State School, in Fitzroy Street, Warwick. The former National School is prominently sited in the school grounds, facing the main entrance and surrounded by well tended gardens.</p><br>
<p>The simple one storeyed building has a rectangular plan and is constructed of painted brick, on a rendered plinth. The gabled corrugated iron roof of the school is punctuated on the eastern facade with two timber boarded dormer windows, of three operable single paned casements.</p><br>
<p>The south, principal entrance elevation features a projecting gabled porch, aligned with the western wall and extending about halfway along the facade. The square planned porch has round arched openings on the three external faces, which are formed with four brick courses, the two outer courses slightly projecting from the face of the wall. The arches spring from rendered string courses below which the brickwork is also rendered. On the face of the southern elevation is a large twelve paned window, of two generations of construction. Following the line of the gable, and slightly below the eaves are a series of elongated rectangular ventilation openings. Below these, sitting on a string course is an arched rendered signage panel outlined with two courses of projecting brick headers. The symmetrically arranged northern elevation has similar ventilation openings and a centrally located twelve paned window.</p><br>
<p>The western elevation is protected by a single storeyed skillion roofed verandah supported on square sectioned timber columns. The northern end of the verandah is infilled with horizontal timber weatherboards. The face of the western wall has six vertical sash four paned windows, symmetrically arranged flanking a centrally located doorway. The rendered sills of the window sit on a projecting brick course supported on brick corbels. The arched brick window surrounds are outlined with a projecting course of bricks. The base of the wall is rendered to the underside of the brick window sill corbels, and a three tier brick string course runs along the wall at mid-height.</p><br>
<p>The eastern elevation is similar in arrangement to that of the western, with open verandah, details and arrangement of openings. The arched window openings, however, extend from the mid-height string course upwards, and are glazed with centrally hung hopper windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building is undivided, and the roof which is lined with timber boards is supported on king post trusses with struts. The interior walls are painted brick, with a rendered base, and the floor throughout is timber boards laid on a concrete slab. At the northern end of the room is a stage accessed by five room-width steps.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Warwick East State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former National School provides evidence of the growth of Warwick during the 1860s, and as one of the earliest surviving government school building in Queensland, the development of the education system in the State. The building demonstrates the early period of Queensland school architecture, of substantially constructed masonry buildings soon after which the buildings were built principally of timber.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The building is a good intact example of the work of Benjamin Backhouse, and demonstrates the principal characteristics of early schoolhouses, as a single room building changed over time as concern for ventilation and lighting became important aspects of institutional buildings.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is simple but well composed and adds to the streetscape of Fitzroy Street. The former National School is well set among gardens within the Warwick East State School grounds.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building is valued by the community as the earliest school building in Queensland and as a public place attended by many of the local people.</p><br>
<p>La Fontaine chaude is a spa located in the centre of Dax. The fountain is a Monument historique while the portico and relics were registered on September 9, 1988.</p><br>
<p>The fountain was built from 1814 to 1818, under the reign of Louis XVIII, upon the remains of older therms from the Roman period which given the waters&#39; high temperature (86 °C) could also be used for cooking.</p><br>
<p>The water is well known for its healing properties. A legend reports of a garrisoned Roman soldier who had a dog crippled with rheumatism. On call-up and aware that his poor dog could no longer follow him, he resorted to throw it into the Adour river. On his return he was overwhelmed to find his dog reanimated by the thermal mud where it had ended up on the riverbank.</p><br>
<p>The water is also employed to treat phlebological and gynecological disorders. The "Dax Peloid" is a natural medication, obtained from the spa waters along with algae and silt from the Adour river.</p><br>
<p>The Gongna Beach defenses are a collection of World War II structures built on or near Gongna Beach  in Tamuning on the island of Guam, now a United States territory. These defenses were erected by the Imperial Japanese Army during its occupation of the island 1941-44. The three surviving elements were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. They are located well north of the main Allied landing areas of the 1944 Battle of Guam.</p><br>
<h2>Gun emplacement</h2><br>
<p>At the north end of the beach, about 25 m inland from the high tide line, stands a gun emplacement with an attached pillbox. The emplacement consists of two reinforced concrete walls flanking a Japanese 20 cm gun. From this position a covered way leads to a badly damaged pillbox structure, also made of reinforced concrete. At the time of its National Register listing, the pillbox was partially collapsed.</p><br>
<h2>Gun mount</h2><br>
<p>Near the center of the beach, about 20 m inland from the high tide line, is a circular concrete gun mount, which is about 2.4 m in diameter. The exterior walls of the mount are 0.3 m thick and rise about 0.5 m above the ground; the central portion of the structure has been filled with coral rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Pillbox</h2><br>
<p>A circular concrete pillbox stands atop the berm overlooking the beach. It is about 2.5 m in diameter, and has a maximum height just over 1 m. It has a single opening, facing southwest, that is presumed to have acted as both access point and gun port.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town Main Post Office is located at 141 Center Street in Old Town, Maine. The Classical Revival building was an early design of Oscar Wenderoth, and was completed in 1914. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Town Main Post Office is set on the north side of Center Street, at its junction with Shirley Street, just off Main Street. It is a two story structure, built out of dressed stone, with a flat roof and a main facade with Classical proportions. It is divided into five bays separated by engaged paneled columns. The outer bays each have tall sash windows recessed in rectangular openings with keystones at the top and a projecting sill at the bottom. Second-floor windows are roughly square, and also have a projecting sill. Above them is a band of fretwork, above which is an entablature in which small diamond-grilled windows are set, and a projecting cornice above. The entrance is recessed in an elaborately carved architrave. The interior of the main lobby has terrazzo marble flooring, marble wainscoting, wooden trim, and transoms above the service counter and mailboxes.</p><br>
<p>The Old Town post office building was an early design by Oscar Wenderoth, and was prepared in 1912; the building was completed in 1914 under the provisions of the Tarsney Act. The building has undergone restoration.</p><br>
<p>Starke County Bridge #39 is a single span Warren Pony Truss structure. The bridge is located on the northern outskirts of the small town of Knox, Indiana, where Main and Water Streets terminate at the former Penn Central Railroad cut. The bridge spans the rail cut in a northwest-southeast direction, allowing access to Wythougan Park.</p><br>
<p>When built in 1915, it was east of Knox, on County Road 1100 East, over the Yellow River. It was moved in 1992. At its original site, metal caisson abutments and concrete wingwalls supported the bridge. When it was relocated, concrete abutments were created. The steel bridge is 103 ft long and has a 13.56 ft roadway.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The bridge consists of six Warren Truss panels on each side. All the interior verticals are paired laced angles, diagonals were made from pairs of angles. The heaviest are located in the outer panels. Verticals and diagonal members have riveted stay plates. Upper and lower chords are composed of I beams. Where upper or lower chords meet the verticals and diagonals, joins are gussets, which are bolted to all members. The roadbed is created by heavy wooden decking with an overlay of asphalt. The original guardrail remains. On the south end of the span, fixed onto the face of the right endpost, is a plague which reads "Starke County Commissioners, Peter Mosher, Fred Kingman, Lee Wolfe, Auditor, C.W. Weninger, Engineer, Chas. A. Good. Built By The Rochester Bridge Co. Rochester Ind. 1915".</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) declared the bridge unsafe for present traffic needs. A Memorandum of Agreement with the Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, INDOT offered the bridge to local preservation groups. The group would have to move the structure site and rehabilitate it. The Starke County Historical Society acquired the bridge and hired Dillbaugh, Inc. of Crown Point, Indiana to move the structure to its present site which was accomplished in May 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Bridge #39 employs the Warren Pony Truss, a common truss type in the early 20th century. The Warren Truss is one of several variants on the basic kingpost structural system. It was patented in England by James Warren and Willoughby Monzani in 1848 and by Squire Whipple (inventor of the Whipple Truss) in 1849. The Warren consists of a series of kingposts set within parallel upper and lower chords. Because of the high stress where panel met, pins joints received undue wear which could cause failure. Once bolted gusset plates and riveting technology replaced the pinning technique, Warren Trusses came into regular use. By the early 1900s, the Warren was commonly used for highway and railroad bridges. By the 1920s, other metal truss types replace the Warren truss.</p><br>
<p>SCB39 Bridge 39 Dedication Plaque PA090094.jpgDedication Plaque. Bridge #39, Starke County, Knox, Indiana</p><br>
<p>SCB39 Bridge 39 Trusses PA090098.jpgWarren Truss. Bridge #39, Starke County, Knox, Indiana</p><br>
<p>SCB39 Bridge 39 PA090093.jpgApproach from the north side. Bridge #39, Starke County, Knox, Indiana</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Comp, T. Allan and Donald C. Jackson. "Bridge Truss Types: A Guide to Dating and Identifying," American Association of State and Local History Technical Leaflet 95, Nashville, TN, 1977.</p><br>
<p>Condit, Carl. American Building. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 196ST</p><br>
<p>Cooper, James L. Iron Monuments to Distant Posterity; Indiana&#39;s Metal Bridges, 1870-1930. Indianapolis: Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, 1987.</p><br>
<p>Groppe, Maureen. "Old Knox Bridge to Get New Use," South Bend Tribune, May 10, 1992, section C, p. 1.</p><br>
<p>Indiana Division of Historic Preservation and Archaeology, Indiana Historic Bridge Inventory.</p><br>
